Chart 23. R&D expenditures in the higher education sector 

 [Constant 1982 dollars] 



Billions of dollars 

 14 



1 



12 - 

 10 







United States 



\ 



J L 



J. 



I \ L 



_l__l L 



_L 



1965 '67 '69 71 73 75 77 79 



Years 



SOURCE: National Science Foundation, SRS. table B-20 



•81 



'83 







'85 '86 



timated 23 percent for the United 

 States (table 3). Monbusho reports 

 that of its budget for promoting sci- 

 entific research, equal shares (38 

 percent each) go to research insti- 

 tutes and national university facili- 

 ties; 13 percent is allocated for 

 scientific research grants; and the re- 

 maining 11 percent goes to all other 

 programs including, for example, the 

 Antarctic program and subsidies to 

 public and private universities. 



Private higher educational insti- 

 tutions occupy a major place in the 

 Japanese system, employing about 

 one-half of all university researchers 

 (38 percent of the scientists and en- 

 gineers engaged in R&D in the nat- 

 ural sciences and engineering) and 

 accounting for nearly three-quarters 

 of all student enrollments. Further, 

 they account for a substantial pro- 

 portion of the funds expended on 

 higher educational R&D: 53 percent 

 of the 1985 total. The research activ- 

 ities of private universities place 

 greater relative stress on applied 

 topics, especially in medicine and the 

 social sciences, than do national uni- 

 versities. In general, the national 

 universities are viewed as centers for 

 the most significant basic research. 



Chart 24. Higher education R&D expenditures as a share of total R&D 



^ 



Percent 

 50 



40 



10 







United States 



\ 



J I I I I \ I L 



I I I \ I I I 1 \ Iq 



50 



40 



10 



1965 '67 '69 '71 '73 '75 '77 '79 '81 '83 '85 '86 



Years 



SOURCE: National Science Foundation. SRS, table B-20 



Table 3. Government funding of 

 academic research: 1982 



[Percent] 



'The United Slates does not have a syslenn of general university 

 funds (GUF) like that ot Japan and most ol Europe Martin and Irvine 

 attempted to identity those US R&D funds that were similar to GUF 

 in order to distinguish separately budgeted research funds from those 

 of a more general nature 



SOURCE: Ben Martin and John Irvine, An Internalional Comparison 

 ol Government Funding ol Academic and Academically Related Re- 

 searcti (Sussex, England University of Sussex, Science Policy Re- 

 search Unit, 1986) 



25 



