1663 



As a contemporary international problem, the study observes, the 

 brain drain phenomenon "has its roots in the profound changes in the 

 political structure of international relations that have been brought 

 about as a consequence of World War II. These changes were to have 

 a marked bearing on patterns of migration in the postwar era." ^^^ 



THE HEIGHTENED HUMAN MOBILITY OF MODERN TIMES 



Human mobility has been a salient characteristic of this new era. 

 Much of it was in the form of forced migrations. "Programs of repa- 

 triation or settlement of those dislocated by World War II, and pop- 

 ulation transfers resulting from the creatioi^ of newly independent 

 states or the outbreak of wars, involved millions of people": 



Migrations on this vast scale tended to overshadow the normal free movement 

 of peoples. The turbulence of the era is seen in the statistics. After World War 

 II, 18,000,000 people were uprooted by the partition of India and Pakistan; West 

 Germany accepted 12,000,000 refugees dislocated during the war; Japan resettled 

 6,300,000; South Korea absorbed 4,000,000 and Hong Kong 1,300,000. In Israel, 

 1,000,000 Jews found refuge in a new homeland, while more than 1,000,000 

 Palestinian Arabs fled the country. Ultimately, the International Refugee Orga- 

 nization and Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration settled 

 1,300,000 refugees overseas. These statistics do not include the movement of 

 people in the Soviet and Chinese areas, but even this limited survey produces a 

 total of 45,000,000 forced emigrants. Thus in one decade the number of people 

 compelled to move across frontiers was equal to the entire movement of free 

 emigrants across the Atlantic in the century ending in 19 IS.^** 



These forced migrations were followed by accelerating flows of free 

 emigrants, smaller in number and different in kind. Conditioning and 

 characterizing the free emigration were an evolving internationalism, 

 the process of decolonization, and the reordering of priorities in U.S. 

 immigration by establishment of the criterion of quality rather than 

 quantity. 



This new internationalism, the author observes, was characterized 

 in the political sphere partly by the establishment of the United 

 Nations and its affiliated organizations which gave organizational 

 structure to world politics, and partly by the growing tendency of 

 peoples everywhere to think and act in a global context which made 

 migration less formidable psychologically. 



In the economic sphere, the trend toward closer integration of the 

 world economy has a direct effect on the migration of talent. The 

 market for educated professional people has become increasingly 

 international as a result of such developments as the reduction of 

 barriers to international trade, increasing integration of national 

 capital markets of the advanced countries into a world capital market, 

 the growth of direct foreign investment in modern technology from 

 country to country, and the modernization of traditional class- and 

 status-oriented societies. 



"Contributing to the integration of the world economy which pro- 

 duced this special eflFect on emigration are two main forces in the mod- 

 ern world . . . : the worldwide spread of the Industrial Revolution, and 

 the movement of advanced Western societies into the post-industrial 

 era. Both forces have created special needs, particularly a need for 



231 Ibid., p. 1077. 



232 Ibid. 



