1511 



The project director and associate director also regret that it was 

 not possible to extend the study series to cover some other important 

 areas: for example, research and development in the U.S. foreign aid 

 program, global allocation of material and fuel resources, and science 

 and technology activities in the complex of United Nations 

 organizations. 



Indeed, one of the difficulties in undertaking a broad policy study 

 in the field of diplomacy is the richness of the subject and the attrac- 

 tiveness of the issues it presents. What was attempted, therefore, was 

 the selection of a representative and manageable list of topics that 

 were judged to yield instructive guidance to the Congress and to 

 policy analysts in the executive branch. Perhaps it will be possible 

 for the academic community to extend the analyses begun with the 

 present series in 1970 into the topics neglected. 



It was a part of the plan for the project that each of the 12 separate 

 studies should perform 2 functions: It should stand alone as a useful 

 account and analysis of an issue containing important policy questions 

 and legislative values; and it should be an integral part of the total 

 project on the managing of the interface of science and technology 

 with diplomacy. As observed in chapter 1, there is evidence that the 

 first purpose has already been served. The analysis that follows 

 represents the effort to achieve the second purpose. 



Methodology of the Study 



The six cases and six issues examined in the total study necessarily 

 bear some substantive relationship to each other. However, there 

 is no intention of presenting them as a time sequence. This is not 

 in any sense a chronology of science, technology, and American 

 diplomacy since 1945, when the atomic bomb gave the subject a 

 permanent urgency, or since 1950, when an early effort at serious 

 appraisal was made in the Berkner report. Each separate case or 

 issue is presented in its own time frame. The focus of the study as a 

 whole is on the nature of the problem of relating technical problems 

 and opportunities to diplomatic methods, processes, and philosophy. 

 Each case or issue is presented as a study complete in itself, but the 

 series of these studies taken together provides a longitudinal report 

 on the subject prepared during the years 1970 to 1975, inclusive, and 

 covering selected events over a much longer timespan. The order of 

 the summaries is determined by the topics and substantive matters 

 rather than by the chronological order of theix original issuance. 



To eliminate some of the awkwardness that this methodology 

 introduces, each author reviewed his or her contribution to the 

 study to bring it — more or less — up to date.' Questions that have 

 emerged since first issuance are indicated and comments on the 

 original studies are responded to. 



But to repeat: The purpose of the entire project is not historical 

 but analytical; it is intended that the project as a whole will provide a 

 coherent and reasonably comprehensive set of observations for use 

 by the Congress in surveying the broad canvas of science, technology, 

 and American diplomacy. Is the subject as crucial to the welfare of 



'• The reassessments by authors were made In 1975 or early 1976 ; some of them, as noted 

 In each instance, have been updated to mld-1977. 



