1/514 



lectual analysis whose contributions are insufficiently available to 

 diplomatic decisionmakers today. At the same time, in the formu- 

 lation and furtherance of diplomatic goals, every effort would be 

 worth consideration to bring technological skills into closer con- 

 junction with those of political and economic policy. 



Finally, the role of technology could usefully be studied for op- 

 portunities to design international institutions to reverse the all-too- 

 evident trend toward disaffection of the "Third World" toward the 

 United States. 



IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DIPLOMACY 



Studies of war and diplomacy up to 1945 assumed that either of 

 these two modes of international relationship was the extension of 

 the other. The further assumption was implicit that no technology 

 of warfare could ever dissolve or destroy the necessary interrelation- 

 ship of war and diplomacy. At one stroke the atomic bomb transformed 

 the relationship and made the avoidance of total war the prime goal 

 of diplomacy; subsequent refinements and delivery systems confirmed 

 the new order. At the same time, the nations of the world came to 

 recognize technology itself as a principal foundation of national power 

 and diplomatic influence. 



The achievements of technology since World War II have done 

 nothing to contradict this assessment. Technology has moved to center 

 stage in the world diplomatic scene. The United States, as the principal 

 national exponent in technological achievement, ought therefore to be 

 recognized as diplomatically preeminent, but ought also to accept the 

 responsibility for leading the way in the application of technology to 

 the achievement of goals shared with the other nations of the world. 



Thus, the theses emerge from the study of Science, Technology, and 

 American Diplomacy that — 



(1) In a rapidly changing world, the business of the Federal Govern- 

 ment is increasingly the governance of relations with other States, 

 working with them in rational and controlled ways toward global 

 development and the betterment of the human condition. 



(2) The historical role of violence or the threat of violence as the 

 measure of diplomatic effectiveness has been considerably superseded 

 by competitive excellence in technology. 



(3) Domestically, the United States is foremost among world powers 

 in technological excellence. 



(4) Exercise of this preeminence for purposes of achieving world 

 progress and harmony is both a moral imperative and a requirement of 

 national security. As technology brings peoples closer together, these 

 two motivations — national interest and international morality — tend 

 more and rnore to reinforce each other. To the extent that they do not, 

 the result may be chaos and, ultimately, failure of the human race, or 

 at least of the present great civilizations of the world, to survive. 



(5) There are difficulties, not yet susceptible of evaluation as to 

 their relative importance, but certainly including — 



(a) The sheer numbers of contacts and agencies concerned with 

 technology on the international level, for multiple purposes having 

 an infinite variety of sponsorship, affiliation, and structure; 



