1731 



and presents to the world community of nations a pattern of successful 

 initiatives to solve the dilemma, the alternative will be inescapable: 

 the periodic making of ad hoc responsive decisions as to who eats and 

 who starves. 



ISSUE four: U.S. scientists abroad 



There is an obvious relationship between the subject of this study 

 and that of the IGY case. For purposes of the discussion of the 

 initiative/reactive mode question, the two studies might be considered 

 together. Or, at least, the support of foreign activities of U.S. scientists 

 as a contribution to U.S. diplomacy should be recognized as a benefi- 

 cial element of more specific scientific projects of an international 

 character. 



While international exchanges of scientists and engineers may not 

 be considered generally to be an impressive subject for a diplomatic 

 initiative nor even, perhaps, as a reaction to another country's initia- 

 tive, there may be special cases where it could assume this nature. 

 For example, proposals for a major exchange of technical personnel 

 with the People's Republic of China or North Vietnam, or for a 

 comprehensive technological survey of regional needs in the Middle 

 East involving a mixture of American with Loth Arab and Israeli 

 scientists and engineers on a nongovernmental level, might have 

 interesting consequences. 



What may be more to the point, though, is a suggestion by 

 Emilio Q. Daddario for a scheme to devise an international consensus 

 on global science policy. According to this view: 



. . . Before there will be any real global cooperation, there must be far greater 

 consensus on its purposes. What are these? Is it to enhance material well-being 

 and intellectual development? Is it economic growth or a massive educational 

 effort? Is it limited arms control or an international peace-keeping mechanisms? 

 Is it expanded medical health care or more adequate housing? And what are the 

 priorities? . . . How do we reach some balance between near-term locahzed 

 problems and long-term global problems? ^" 



Ccntinuing along this line of reasoning, one might suggest ways in 

 which to further such a set of global science and technology goals by 

 carefully designed initiatives involving large-scale exchange of persons. 

 It should be noted, however, that Genevieve Knezc,^^^ author of the 

 stud}^, warns of the necessity for close monitoring and documentation 

 of such exchanges to maximize their utility and to design means to 

 increase their efficiency. 



ISSUE five: brain drain 



The goal of the United States, according to Dr. Joseph Whelan, 

 author of this study, is "a world in balance, with economic and social 

 opportunity within the grasp of all inhabitants and a sense of hope 

 in all nations." ^^^ Dr. Whelan devotes considerable attention to 



'" Emilio Q. Daddario. "National Science Policy— Prelude to Global Cooperation." Bulletin of the 

 Atomic Scientists (June 1971), p. 22. This statement was presented to the House Committee on Science 

 and Astronautics at its 12th meeting with the Panel on Science and Technology, January 1971. 



s*" U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Scientists Abroad: An Examination of Major 

 Programs for Nongovernmental Scientific Exchange, a study in the series on Science, Technology, and Ameri- 

 can Diplomacy prepared for the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments 

 by Genevieve J. Knezo, Science Policy Research Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. U.S. 

 Govt. Print. Off., 1974: vol. 11, p. 1034. 



M* U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Brain Drain: A Study of the Persistent Issue of 

 Jnternational Scientific Mobility, a study in the series on Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy 

 prepared for the Subcommittee on National Security Policy and Scientific Developments by Joseph O. 

 Whelan, Senior Specialist in International Affairs, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 

 Washington. D.C. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1974: vol. If, p. 1318. 



