1652 



to 190 man-months on each side. Terms of the latter agreement may 

 be summarized as follows: 



1. Number and duration of exchanges. — a. Exchanges of 12 prominent scientists, 

 at least half of them to be members of the respective Academy, for periods up to 

 1 month to lecture, conduct seminars, or famiUarize themselves with scientific 

 research; 



b. Exchanges of a maximum of 14 scientists from each country, for 1 month 

 visits for the familiarization with research ; 



c. Exchanges of a maximum of 35 scientists, with total visits not to exceed 190 

 man-months, to conduct scientific research or to pursue advanced study; visits 

 to last from 3-10 months; 



2. Nomination and selection. — Nominees to be approved by both Academies. 

 Scientists are evahaated on education, professional employment, scientific spe- 

 cialization, publications, location of proposed visit, knowledge of foreign language, 

 and title of lectures; 



3. Additional exchanges. — Which permit revisions of the agreed upon terms as 

 well as provision for visits for scientific conferences; 



4. Program review. — Both Academies are to exchange small delegations each year 

 to review the inter- Academy exchange program "at the policy level;" 



5. Financing and administrative arrangements. — The sending Academy is to 

 provide round trip transportation and salaries for its scientists; the receiving 

 Academy to provide in-country transportation costs, living quarters, medical ex- 

 penses, special allowances, and reimbursement for research equipment expenses.^oi 



As the figures indicate, the inter-Academy program is a modest one. 

 The total number of American scientists visiting the Soviet Union' 

 between 1959 and 1970 under the agreements was 224, for a total time 

 of 666 months; corresponding figures for Soviet scientists visiting the 

 United States were 234 and 696 months. The average cost of a visit 

 by a U.S. scientist was $7,300. 



Inter-Academy scientific exchange programs with East European 

 countries are carried out, in general, not through formal intergovern- 

 mental agreements but under memoranda of understanding between 

 national academies. This statement applies to agreements with 

 Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia (all concluded in 1966), and 

 Bulgaria (concluded in 1970). An Academy-to-Academy exchange 

 agreement with Romania was arranged in 1964 on the basis of an 

 intergovernmental exchange of notes. 



The program of intcr-Academy exchanges with East European 

 countries has been very small, totaling, for the 5-year period 1966-70, 

 only 106 East European scientists visiting the United States (33 

 from Czechoslovakia, 44 from Poland, 45 from Romania, and 19 from 

 Yugoslavia) and 147 U.S. scientists visiting Eastern Europe. 



Despite the need for close attention to the details of arrangements 

 in the scientific exchanges with the Soviet Union and East European 

 countries occasioned by the political context, there is lacking in these 

 programs — as in the Fulbright and NSF exchanges — the kind of 

 information in depth which would permit assessment of experiences, 

 problems, and achievements: 



Evaluation is . . . hampered by the absence of reliable and public information 

 on annual activities. The NSF, which funds these programs, is under statutory 

 ol:)ligation to report annually to the Congress in authorization and appropriations 

 hearings and also in annual reports of grants awarded. However, the Foundation 

 gives superficial details of the Soviet and Eastern European exchanges; gross 

 financial data; and some descriptive material citing especially meritorious activi- 

 ties. It has not made a systematic attempt to provide the Congress with a detailed 

 summary of activities and problems culled fron^ materials available from the 

 National Academy of Sciences.^''^ 



2«i Ibid., pp. 991-992. 

 -"■- Ibid., pp. 987-988. 



