1683 



Then, in October 1957, came Sputnik. In January 1958, at the sug- 

 gestion of Dr. James R. Killian, Jr. (Special Assistant to the President 

 for Science and Technology), Secretary of State John Foster Dulles 

 reestablished the departmental post. Naming it "Science Adviser to 

 the Department of State," he appointed to the post Dr. Wallace R. 

 Brode, president of the American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. 



THE UPS AND DOWNS OF SCIENCE AT STATE 



But the science and technology function in the State Department 

 •continued to have its ups and downs. It did so partly through initial 

 lack, at the Secretary of State level, of sufficient interest in or under- 

 standing of the diplomatic role of science and technology, partly through 

 lack of leadership skilled in the ways of both science and bureaucracy, 

 rand partly (or perhaps most of all) because of the great range of subject 

 matter, complexity of relationships, and unfamiliarity throughout the 

 rState Department with the concepts and implications of science and 

 technology as integral to diplomacy. Despite the sympathetic inter- 

 est of recent Secretaries of State, the function still lacks clear identity, 

 influence, and prospects. Some of the highlights of the period from 1960 

 to January 1976 are as follows : 



— In a speech delivered in December 1960 and reproduced in 

 Science January 6, 1961, James R. Killian, Jr., made an appeal for 

 a strong science program in the Department of State. (This was 

 one of many representations by eminent scientists, before and 

 since, on behalf of strengthening the science and technology 

 component of American diplomacy.) 



— In March 1962, in response to an inquiry from Secretary of 

 State Dean Rusk to Presidential Science Adviser Jerome B. 

 Wiesner, the report of a "Science and Foreign Affairs Panel" of 

 the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) was sub- 

 mitted to the Department of State and essentially implemented. 

 The thrust of the recommendations was that the status of the 

 office should be elevated, the scientific functions emphasized, 

 and the related functions of space and atomic energy consoli- 

 dated within it. University of Wisconsin Physics Professor 

 Ragnar RoUefson was named to succeed Dr. Walter G. Whitman, 

 MIT chemical engineering department head who had followed 

 Dr. Brode; the title of the position was changed to "Director of 

 Scientific Affairs." The principal functions of the Director would 

 be to : 



a. Participate actively in general foreign policy development, ensur- 

 ing that appropriate consideration is given to scientific and technologi- 

 cal factors. 



b. Advise and assist the Secretary of State and other Department 

 ofllcers in reaching decisions on matters having scientific and tech- 

 nological implications. 



c. Participate in policy planning for and provide guidance to U.S. 

 international science activities. 



d. Work with the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, re- 

 gional bureaus, and other appropriate elements in formulating policy 

 and planning programs for scientific exchange. 



e. Recommend activities to further U.S. foreign policy objectives in 

 the field of science and technology. 



f. Provide guidance to the science attaches developed in collabora- 

 tion with other Department elements, particularly the regional bureaus. 



