1538 



— Despite the importance of a nuclear safety function for the 

 IAEA, radiation safety guides are confused and apparently over- 

 lapping. In Europe there are standards issued by both the IAEA 

 and Euratom. The United Nations has continued its Scientific 

 Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation rather than 

 transfer the committee's functions to the IAEA. Meanwhile, the 

 latter's role in setting standards for the construction and opera- 

 tion of nuclear ])ower])lants is dormant. (Vol. 1, ]>. 194) 



■ — Euratom's nuclear supply function has not grown as origi- 

 nally expected. The safeguards function, in contrast, has been per- 

 formed effectively and has demonstrated the practicability of 

 international inspection. (Vol. T, p. 216) 



—The Safeguards Committee which the IAEA created in 1970 

 was open to all member states of the Agency, in recognition of the 

 general interest in safeguards and the desire of nonweapons mem- 

 ber nations to participate directly in developing safeguards 

 agreements. The committee met intensively over many months 

 and issued three reports covering all aspects of the proposed 

 agreements. Nearly 50 delegations, very different in character, 

 were involved. A British member of the IAEA Board of Gover- 

 nors who participated commented on the moderate, compromising 

 spirit and friendly atmosphere which prevailed: "Informal con- 

 sultation came to count for more and more in our work; and when 

 we got back to the Board room even the intractable problems 

 had been [more or less worked out]." (Vol. I, p. 272) 



— ^Atoms for Peace has been unique as an example of inter- 

 national cooperation in scientific helds, in that international 

 cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy came about 

 as the result of deliberate decision of governments rather than 

 of scientific communities. Among its other accomplishments, it 

 has provided mechanisms for working on health, safety, and en- 

 vironmental j)roblems which cross national boundaries. (Vol. I, 

 pp. 156-157) 



— Assuming that it is in the best interests of the United States 

 and of world peace to see the Nonproliferation Treaty operate 

 at full effectiveness, and granting that the bilateral agreements 

 have provided the United States with certain benefits, it may 

 be time to reexamine the respective roles of bilateral agreements 

 and the IAEA with a view to possibly channeling more aid 

 through the latter as a means of strengthening it. (Vol. I, p. 175) 



— Altliough the IAEA evolved out of the discovery of fission 

 by scientists, the scientific community had relatively little part 

 in the negotiations. An eminent European nuclear scientist 

 complained in 1960 that "Scientists do not generally know what 

 an enormous effort lies behind the creation of a full-fledged in- 

 ternational agency. They also do not know what an irresistible 

 momentum lies in international organizations ... it is practi- 

 cally impossible to terminate one [and it i^^] therefore onl}' a 

 question of the degree of usefulness of these indestructible giants 

 which can be influenced . . . the scientists and technologists of 

 the world . . . have not as a group realized the potential power 

 of the instrument created, and have failed to follow up with 

 . . . speaking or writing about the duty of scientists . . . we 

 have not even tried to influence the selection of representatives 

 of our countries for' important j)ositions in the Agencv organs." 

 (Vol. I, p. 179) 



