PART 4— PRINCIPAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS 



About the Essays to Follow 



In part 3 of the overall study, each of 12 studies concerned with 

 major cases or issues was examined to see what light it might indi- 

 vidually shed on the general theme of the interaction of science, 

 technology, and American diplomacy. The intent of the next 6 

 chapters is to look at the 12 studies collectively from the perspectives 

 of each of 6 particular aspects of the general theme — or what might be 

 called 6 operational issues, dealing mainly with means, as contrasted 

 with the broad policy issues (or issue areas), dealing with ends, on 

 which the 12 studies are focused. The expectation is that this examina- 

 tion will yield a heightened appreciation of the complexities and sig- 

 nificance of the general theme as well as sharpened perspectives on 

 some of its more salient policy, operational, and legislative implica- 

 tions. 



The terms are relative: what is an operational issue in one context 

 becomes a policy issue in another. The distinction between the 12 

 studies as centered on policy issues and the 6 particular aspects as 

 involving operational issues (the latter may also be thought of as 

 dimensions of the former) is made as a somewhat arbitrary but con- 

 venient device. The operational issues themselves are also posed 

 somewhat arbitrarily as either-or alternatives. In reality, most 

 diplomatic situations are resolved somewhere in the spectrum of 

 compromise. The six essays which follow deal with real situations and 

 they confirm that the policymaker is seldom limited to a choice 

 between the opposing alternatives in their pure forms. That this is so 

 in itself will be news to no one, but the analysis may perhaps yield 

 some useful insights as to ways in which it is so. 



The operational issues which serve as subjects of the six essays are 

 these : 



Initiative Versus Reactive Foreign Policy 

 Bilateral Versus Multilateral Diplomatic Relationships 

 High-Technology Diplomacy versus Low-Technology Diplo- 

 macy 



Roles and Interactions of Public and Private Institutions in 

 International Technology 



Independence Versus Interdependence 

 Long-Range and Short-Range Planning 

 Following the essays is a final chapter which sums up the main 

 findings of the study and offers some possible legislative options for 

 strengthening governmental structures and procedures for managing 

 the complex interactions of science, technology, and diplomacy. 



The first of the six essays, "Initiative Versus Reactive Foreign 

 Policy" (ch. 18), addresses the hypothesis that there are advantages 

 in a foreign policy based on systematic definition of goals and on the 



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