1800 



of this fact, and acting upon it, might replace the "lady bountiful" 

 image with one of fair exchange. 



ISSUE five: brain drain 



The United States has drawn skilled labor and technologists from 

 abroad over much of its history. Private enterprise provided the 

 magnet of opportunity. Periodic unsettled conditions in Europe 

 added a "push" factor, to which were added the ideological stresses' 

 of the 20th century. By the 1970s, the movement to the United 

 States of "brains" had shifted somewhat: from the developing 

 countries came medically trained people and students seeking ad- 

 vanced degrees (and usually subsequent employment) ; while from 

 the developed countries came engineers and scientists whose inputs 

 could find employment in the high-technology fields of aerospace 

 and atomic energy. 



While the international movement of highly trained people — 

 especially if it goes one way — has considerable diplomatic significance, 

 no policy seems to have been applied or formulated to deal with it 

 in the United States. Private industry, as the chief instrument for 

 employment of imported "brains," is thus an actor in U.S. diplomatic 

 policy in this area, but without guidance as to its relationship to 

 broader national diplomatic goals. The study makes clear that freedom 

 of the individual to move from one country to another to seek oppor- 

 tunity and amity is a prized value in most countries. However, little 

 attention is given to the equity — the concept of fair exchange — in 

 human transfers. The need is apparent, as the study suggests, for new 

 diplomatic initiatives in the field of "brain drain," but they have not 

 been forthcoming and neither Government nor private enterprise 

 has provided an answer. 



ISSUE six: science and TECHNOivOGY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE 



Increasingly during the 1970s, interests and aspirations of the de- 

 veloped and developing nations have involved materials,' energy, and 

 environment, and the unifying feature of technology. Management of 

 diplomacy to reconcile the goals of developed and developing countries 

 has thus become increasingly concerned with the development and 

 management of technology. 



The purpose of this study was to explore the organizational resources 

 of the Department of State to manage the diplomatic aspects of science 

 and technology. It was recognized that science and technology are a 

 principal item on the diplodnatic agenda, a primary force, and thesub*- 

 stance of international relations. It was therefore necessary for the 

 Department of State ". . . to translate the generalized and normative 

 goals of American foreign policy into operational goals to which 

 American technological superiority can contribute" and ". . . to 

 establish a closer functional relationship between [these goals] and 

 domestic programs of science and technology and to enlist the com- 

 munities of science and technology in support of these foreign policy 

 goals. . . .""8 



*38 Huddle, Science and Technology in the Department of State, Vol. II, p. 1327 



