1893 



Institutional tools. — In the process of technological-diplomatic 

 policy, many nongovernmental institutions need to be called on for 

 support and brought into harmony: the colleges and universities, the 

 not-for-profit and interdisciplinary research organizations, scientific 

 and technical societies, the multinational corporations, labor unions, 

 private industry and its associations, and foreign policy study groups. 

 Many policies need the joint participation of other governments, work- 

 ing through bilateral, regional, and other multilateral organizations as 

 well as international nongovernmental organizations of scientists, 

 engineers, and others. 



The numerous governmental institutions whose participation' in 

 technological diplomacy is essential fall into three classes: (1) those 

 concerned with policymaking, like the Executive Office of the Presi- 

 dent, the Secretary of State and his immediate associates, certain 

 congressional committees, military policymakers, and the principal 

 planning elements in the Department of Defense, NASA and ERDA; 

 (2) those concerned with coordinating the exercise of technological 

 diplomacy, like OES and 10 in the Department of State, the National 

 Science Foundation, the Department of the Treasury, and — again — 

 the Executive Office of the President; and (3) those concerned with 

 actual operations, which include virtually all mission-oriented depart- 

 ments and agencies of the Government. 



These are the institutional resources (and doubtless there are others) 

 that need somehow to be mobilized in a concerted effort to apply the 

 technological and management skills of the United States in the 

 devising and execution of an effective technological diplomacy for the 

 future. 



The technological tools of diplomacy. — The range of technological 

 resources applicable in future U.S. diplomacy is virtually limitless. 

 The technologies of agriculture, lumbering, mining, and food from 

 the oceans are all basic needs of developing countries and still vital 

 as a developing economy reaches higher levels. Manufacturing 

 technology extends over a vast range from cottage industry and hand 

 labor to computer-directed machine tools and mass production. The 

 design of products is comparable in scope. Basic to a nation's tech- 

 nological well-being, and thus of consequence for diplomac}^, is the 

 supporting infrastructure; it includes education at all levels, health 

 services and medical care, the collection and management of social 

 data, scientific research, libraries and information centers, and systems 

 for the distribution of goods and services. Also essential to the infra- 

 structure are technological systems for transportation, communica- 

 tions, and energy. Diplomacy, is now involved in the transfer 

 among nations of technology related to all of these. 



More recently, growing mainly out of military developments, 

 aerospace, electronics, and atomic energy, the uses of "high tech- 

 nology" in diplomacy have become salient. Synchronous satellites 

 for communications, orbiting satellites for surveys of weather and 

 resources, computers for rapid processing of all kinds of social data 

 and technical information, nuclear powerplants, and processing plants 

 for nuclear fuel are all subjects of the diplomacy of "high technology." 



More than the technology of military hardware, all these technologi- 

 cal systems today relate to the goals of the world's nations. Indeed, 

 their main significance for the diplomacy of the future is in the hope 

 they afford of diverting the efforts of the world's nations awaj^ from 

 the development and use of military hardware. 



