1920 



National Scientific Organizations. 

 Inter-disciplinary Research. 



Responsibilities of World Scientific Community." (4) 

 Ruggie, John Gerard. "International Responses to Technology: Concepts and 

 Trends." International Organization, v. 29, no. 3, Summer 1975: 557-584. 



An essay which lays out the theoretical organizing concepts of the essays 

 which comprise the symposium issue dealing with international science, and 

 technology. The essay details concepts of collective action and collective 

 response created by the interaction of technology and international poUtics 

 and, based on the papers presented, gives a discussion of the imphcations 

 for the design of future international organizations. 

 In greater detail: 



"Physical and technological parameters are important determinants of 

 international responses to technology when those responses concern research, 

 scanning and monitoring, and problem recognition in general — when, in a 

 word, the issue is to discover or understand some process or situation. When, 

 however, the issue is to manage some process or situation, the weight of 

 political purposes becomes preponderant. For, the same response that maxi- 

 mizes fisheries catch, to cite an example, may reduce employment, or the 

 same response that sets higher standards of environmental quahty may 

 reduce trade potential, or the same response that increases technological 

 efficiency may lower foreign exchange earnings. In fact, the same response 

 may well do all simultaneously. Deciding among them is not a question of 

 physical and technological determinants; it is a question of social choice." 



"By introducing political purposes into the equation linking technological 

 change to international organization we considerably complicate our descrip- 

 tive and prescriptive tasks. International organization is itself then no longer 

 a simple response to technology, but, rather, a more complex product of the 

 intersection of two axes. Along the first is plotted the tension between science, 

 heavily informed by consensual knowledge of cause/effect relations, and 

 poUtics, heavily informed by normative purposes, negotiated priorities and 

 available capabilities. The outcome of this tension may be said to define the 

 situation which science and its products will have occasioned. Along the 

 second axis is plotted the tension between the need of states to respond 

 collectively to problems and opportunities such situations contain, and their 

 desire to maintain national autonomy and flexibility in so doing. The outcome 

 of this tension may be said to define the response which a new situation will 

 have occasioned. These two axes, together with the concepts of situation and 

 response taken over a group or collectivity of nations — that is, collective 

 situation and collective response — define the analytical boundaries of the 

 studies that follow." 

 Salomon, Jean-Jacques. Science and Politics. (Translated from the French by 

 Noel Lindsay.) Cambridge, The MIT Press [1973]. 277 p. 



"Salomon objectively poses those questions about values, science, and 

 politics that lie at the heart of the contemporary debate about the moral 

 ends of science and technology. Most of his cases are drawn from the American 

 experience, and relate to research subsidized by the government for military 

 purposes." Chapter 9 deals with international science, and limitations posed 

 by nationalism. 



The author is head of the science policy directorate of the Organization 

 for Economic Cooperation and Development. 

 Scheel, Walter. "Technology as an Element of Foreign Policy." Au^senpolitik, 

 v. 23, no. 3, 1972: 243-251. 



West Germany'^ Minister of Foreign Affairs defines science and technology 

 as a new dimension of foreign policy. 

 Schilling, Warner R. "Technology and International Relations." In International 

 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, v. 15, New York, the Macmillan Company 

 and the Free Press, 1968. p. 589-598. 



Mr. Schilling describes "how technological developments of the past 

 three centuries have effected significant changes in every element in the 

 international political process (actors, ends, expectations, means, and sys- 

 tem)." He then analyzes major facets of the interaction: characteristics, 

 trends and prospects. Includes selected but extensive bibhography on the 

 subject. 

 Stanley Foundation. Fifteenth Strategy for Peace Conference Report, October 17-20, 

 1974. Muscatine, Iowa, The Stanley Foundation, 1974. 76 p. 



