1964 



organization. On the hardware side, Japan is the case par excellence of a natior* 

 whose policies acknowledge that technology with national security and defense 

 implications is inseparable from that involved with economic growth, the 

 Il&D effort, and industrial innovation. The 'national interest technologies' 

 that are important for Japan are nuclear energy, space research and develop- 

 ment, aircraft, and computers. The pursuit of domestic capabilities in these 

 technologies has been supported by new and strengthened organizations, 

 especially with regard to industrial innovation, scientific and technological 

 policy-making, and the acquisition and dissemination of information from 

 abroad — 'technological intelligence'. Based on these capabilities, Japan is 

 nearing a potential for nuclear weapons and missile delivery systems, though 

 it is not Ukely that she will choose to develop them. Rather, Japan is likely to 

 be an increasingly strong competitor in nuclear and space-related technology 

 such as power generators and space communications. The potential for original 

 contributions in other fields of applied technology is also growing. Political 

 factors at home and in the East Asian region suggest that these will occur in 

 areas such as transportation and pollution control, technical assistance to de- 

 veloping economies, and resource exploitation — ^especially energy resources." 

 Lwinger, Thomas C. "The Technology Factor and the Export Performance of 



U.H. Manufacturing Industries." Economic Inquiry, v. 13, June 1975: 221-236. 

 Concludes that "U.S. comparative advantage is most pronounced in 

 industries that are R&D intensive, giving the U.S. a temporary technological 

 lead in exports of their products. U.S. competitive position in world markets 

 is further enhanced through the effective use of its relatively abundant 

 factor — highly skilled labor." 

 Maddox, John. "New Science Policy Tasks for the European Community." 



Public Science, January 1973: 4-6. 



Discussion of functions, personalities, and institutions involved in estab- 

 lishing a coordinated science policy and joint research projects among the 

 members of the EEC. 

 National Research Council. Computer Sciences and Engineering Board. Computer 



Technology/Resources Panel. The Computer Industry in Japan and its Meaning 



for the United States. [Washington, Distributed by NTIS, 1973] 130 p. (PB- 



220-000.) 

 Nau, Henry R. "A Political Interpretation of the Technology Gap Dispute." 



Orbis, V. 15, summer 1971: 507-527. 



". . . The purpose of this essay is to show that U.S.-European differ- 

 ences, whether manifested in trade, monetary, strategic or technological 

 disputes, have common roots in a growing divergence of broader political 

 interests between the United States and its West European allies. . . . This 

 is evident in the treatment of the technology gap dispute." 

 Nau, Henry R. "Collective Responses to R and D Problems in Western Europe: 



1955-1958 and 1968-1973." International Organization, v. 29, no. 3, Summer 



1975: 617-654. 



"Collective responses to technology-related international problems inay 

 differ in terms of organizational outcomes (new, modified, or no organiza- 

 tions). Some of this difference may be accounted for by contrasting objectives 

 and capabilities of major actors. Actors may emphasize different dimensions 

 of the policy setting, possess varying amounts of resources and information 

 to affect that setting, and accordingly prefer alternative responses. Possibili- 

 ties of this sort are examined empirically in two separate, chronological 

 periods of Western European responses to collective R&D problems. In the 

 first period, major actors stressed different dimensions of the policy setting, 

 possessed unequal resources, and responded to the situation by the creation 

 of new organizations (Euratom and ENEA) ; in the second, they stressed. 

 the same dimensions of the policy setting, possessed roughly equal capabili- 

 ties, and decidedly resisted the creation of new organizations. The different 

 outcomes suggest that stratification of perceptions and capabilities, emphasiz- 

 ing complementarity, may be more conducive to organizational creativity 

 than similarity of perceptions and capabilities, emphasizing competition." 

 Nau, Henry R. "R and D Issues in Western Europe: Perceptions, Capabilities 



and Responses." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American 



Political Science Assoc, Chicago, August-September 1974. 36 p. Available 



from the State Dept. as FAR 20586-P. 



