1932 



Nichols argue for: (1) a broadening of defense-relevant thinking to include 



'civilian' science, (2) a budgetary commitment to R and D on this expanded 



base; and (3) a more extended use of prototyping to evaluate operatipnal 



alternatives." (4) 



SkolnikofF, E. G. "History of U.S. Government Organization for Conduct of 



Foreign Policy in Technology-Related Subjects." Prepared for the Commission 



on the Organization of Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. Tyoe- 



script, March 16, 1975. 38 p. 



The author deals generally with the following issue: "The general lesson 

 from postwar history in the conduct of foreign policy in technology-related 

 issues is the great difficulty the Department of State has in exerting anything 

 like a primary role. The technical, operating agencies of government tend to 

 have the initiative in determining policy in their areas of interest, with State 

 able to exert its presence usually only at the point at which issues become 

 specific and current. Even then, the momentum of earlier decisions, the 

 greater technical knowledge and the mobilizable resources of the operating 

 agencies, has meant that State has relatively little independent leverage 

 except in those issues for which it is able to moumt a special and unusual 

 effort. With regard to the direction of technological development itself, which, 

 will shape the future, the Department of State has essentially no role at all." 

 Several concluding observations are given about wa3's to increase State's 

 role in formulating foreign policj^ that deals with technology. Among these 

 are the following: better leadership for the science and technology office in the 

 Department of State ; more interaction between this office, the science office 

 and other offices in the Department and more and better technical support; 

 reestablishrnent of a White House science office, which uses the resources of 

 the Department of State's science and technolog}^ office in developing policy 

 advice; generally more and more-informed congressional interest in these 

 topics; and the need for better information and analysis capabilities in 

 government. 

 Skolnikoff, Eugene B. The International Imperatives of Technology: Technological 

 Development and the International Political System. Berkeley, Institute of Inter- 

 national Studies, University of California [c 1972]: 194 p. 



Elaborates on the theme of the inevitable interdependence of the nations 

 of the world and the need for international responses to deal with the impacts 

 of science and technology on sovereign nation-states. 

 Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Science, Technology, and American Foreign Policy. Cam- 

 bridge, The MIT Press, 1967. 316 p. plus index. 



Written by former assistant to three Presidential Special Assistants for 

 Science and Technology (Killian, Kistiakowsky, and Wiesner) who is with 

 the MIT science and public policy program. Reviews the relationships 

 of science to many different aspects of foreign affairs and evaluates policy 

 machinery to formulate and administer foreign policies with a science content. 

 Recommends strengthening of foreign policj'^ organization and personnel, and 

 greater analysis by the government and university researchers of the scientific 

 and technological vectors of foreign policy. Regarded as a basic study on the 

 subject. 

 Skolnikoff, Eugene B. and Harvey Brooks. "Science Advice in the White House? 

 Continuation of a Debate." Science, v. 187, no. 4171, Jan. 10, 1975, p. 35. 

 The international dimension is treated. 

 "Strengthening the Department of State." Department of State Newsletter, July 

 1975: 2-5. 



"On June 27, Secretary [of State, Henry] Kissinger welcomed the 119th 

 Foreign Service Officer Class. In his remarks, he announced the formation of 

 a new Priorities Policy Group to link decisions on resource allocation to the 

 broader considerations of foreign policy. He also announced several changes 

 in personnel policy to improve the recruitment, evaluation, assignment, and 

 career development of the Department's professional service." This article 

 contains his remarks. 

 U.S. Comptroller General. The Agricultural Attache Role Overseas: What He Does 

 and How He Can Be More Effective for the United States. Report to the Congress. 

 April 11, 1975. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1975. 93 p. (ID-75-40.) 

 "GAO's review of agricultural attaches was prompted by the interest 

 generated in their activities resulting from the unexpected volume of Soviet 

 wheat purchases in 1972, the growing concern over the adequacy of infor- 

 mation on world food supplies and demands, and the Secretary of Agricul- 

 ture's emphasis on attaches as 'salesmen.' The review included attache post.s 



