2014 



Heck, Carles B. "Collective Arrangements for Managing Ocean Fisheries." 

 I tdernational Organization, v. 29, no. 3, summer 1975: 711-744. 



"With the great spread and intensification of marine fisheries exploitation, 

 the traditional fisheries regime of free and oj^en access (part of traditional 

 "freedom of the seas") has been modified by many regional or stock-related 

 management arrangements, and is now undergoing drastic change through a 

 radical extension of coastal state jurisdictions. This article deals mostly with 

 the development of various regional and stock-related arrangements. After 

 sketcliing the overall purposes of management, the article details some of the 

 differences among competing states which have delayed or limited manage- 

 ment arrangements, or otherwise complicated their development. Issues of 

 allocation may be uppermost for competing interests, discussed here in the 

 • context of shifts from undivided to divided catch limits. The regulatory 

 powers of intergovernmental fisheries commissions have generally been quite 

 limited. While fisheries scientists have in some cases performed vital roles 

 in encouraging regional arrangements, their information and advice has 

 been of limited scope and influence in securing more restricti\'e regulatory 

 regimes. FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI) might be called a global 

 fisheries commission, though much of its most important work has related 

 to animating and supporting arrangements of a regional character. The 

 radical shift outward of national jurisdictions is rearranging fisheries ex- 

 ploitation in most parts of the world. Given the nature of the resource, how- 

 ever, some forms of regional or stock arrangements will still be needed if the 

 overall purposes of management are to be realized." 

 Jacobs, Michael J. "United States Participation in International Fisheries Agree- 

 ments." Journal of Maritime Law and Covunerce, v. 6, July 1975: 471-529. 



The article reviews international fisheries agreements now in force to 



which the United States is a party. Deals with the current status of the 



agreement and highlights some of the key issues relative to the agreement 



and its implementation in the United States. 



Johnson, Barbara. "Technocrats and the Management of International Fisheries." 



Internalional Organization, v. 29, no. 3, Summer 1975: 745-770. 



"The paper examines the role of the world's fishery technocrats and experts 

 in international fisheries management. The system of management provided 

 by the regionally based international fisheries commissions is organized on 

 transgovemmental and transnational lines. Political delegates to the com- 

 missions are usually government technocrats, suggesting that the system 

 is basically transgovemmental. However, the role of scientific advisers to 

 the commissions is studied, since the group may preempt political control 

 through its control on expertise. Results of a questionnaire sent to 900 

 scientists throughout the world are given, using the data from a structured 

 .sample of 84 scientists. Most were found to be trained as natural scientists, 

 and most were employed directly by national governments or through gov- 

 -tTnment research institutes. 'Elite' scientists in the group, and some execu- 

 tive heads of commissions were also analyzed, and found to have a generally 

 •cautious approach to problems of fishery ownership and management. In 

 sum, the transgovemmental system itself was found to allow yet set the 

 limits of transnational role playing by fishery experts." 

 Knight, H. G. ed. The Future of International Fisheries Management. St. Paul 

 Minn., West Publishing Co. (Under the auspices of the American Society of 

 International Law.) 1975. 253 p. 

 National Research Council. Panel on Operational Safety in Marine Mining. 

 Mining in the Outer Continental Shelf and in the Deep Ocean. Washington, 

 National Academy of Sciences, 1975. 119 p. 



"The study undertakes ... to examine the potential of the resource, 



evaluate the state of the art of ocean mining, identify the legal, regulatory, 



and jurisdictional problems involved, consider the possible environmental 



questions, and determine how to meet the needs for trained engineers to do 



the job." 



McLin, Jon. "Resources and Authority in the North-East Atlantic. Part II: 



Fisheries Conservation." [Hanover, N.H.] American Universities Field Staff 



[1973] 13 p. (American Universities Field Staff. Fi^ldstaff Reports. West Europe 



scries, v. 8, no. 6 [General]) 



"The exercise of conservation authority over fishing activities in North- 

 West Europe dates at least from the tenth century. Today the ICES- 

 NEAFC machinery embodies a serious attempt to base international poUcy 

 on scientific understanding. But the real teat is just beginning." 



