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medium of technology that grew out of the science. It also became 

 evident that in the early etiorts to relate science and technology 

 programatically to diplomacy the emphasis was on science and the 

 leadership was provided by the scientific community. Science had the 

 prestige and the intellectual attractions. However, with the passage 

 of time it has become apparent that functionally technology has the 

 greater direct impact and requires more attention of diplomatic 

 analysts. Now there are some persons who even contend that science 

 should not be separated from technology in the diplomatic environ- 

 ment lest science drop out of the orbit. 



The study emphasized the changes in the effects of technology on 

 U.S. diplomacy over the past several decades. These changes were in 

 terms of pace, size, complexity, variety or scope, and range and per- 

 vasiveness of impacts. In more general terms : 



A nation that consciously and dynamically lays the groundwork for tech- 

 nological advance, encourages technological skills, rewards innovation, and 

 systematically increases the variety, depth, sophistication, and universality of 

 its technology, is in a stronger bargaining position than a nation that does not. 

 Technology increases the range of [diplomatic] options. . . . 



Technology was seen to be a "primary source of national power 

 and diplomatic influence," but at the same time the quest for such 

 power and influence led to the internationalization of technology. 

 Thus: 



... As each technology evolved it became internationalized, its substance 

 became the subject of international conversations, its effects extended beyond 

 national boundaries, and [the study foresaw as an ultimate outcome] the evolution 

 of a global system incorporating or resolving the technology. 



Recent examples of this process are to be found in the production, 

 distribution, and use of energy fuels and industrial materials. At the 

 third Henniker Conference on National Materials Policy a major 

 theme to emerge was that modern nations are "condemned to 

 interdependence." 



Three trends were observed in the global sweep of technology: 

 (1) The important wa^'s in which evolving technologies added to the 

 problems and issues confronting the diplomat (as was made abundantly 

 evident later in the study Science and Technology in the Department of 

 State) ; (2) the wa3^s in which technology tended to draw nations 

 together in international enterprises (as demonstrated in the studies 

 of world food/population balance, global health, the Mekong project, 

 and commercial uses of atomic energy, for example) ; and (3) the 

 emergence of many positive values and serious dangers of technology 

 that were of concern to many nations (and here the evidence is over- 

 whelming: SALT talks, the Stockholm conference on the environment, 

 the special session of the U.N. General Assembly on materials, various 

 meetings on food and population, energ}'^ and so on). These trends 

 evidence a growing need for explicit plans to manage technology to 

 produce global results compatible with U.S. foreign policy. (Although 

 on this last point the need was abundantly documented throughout 

 the series, and especially in Science and Technology in the Department 

 of State, the performance and the institutional provisions to meet the 

 need were, in general, not considered adequate.) 



