1646 



The question of what role such programs do or should play as instru- 

 ments of U.S. foreign policy and how they can best be managed 

 represents a continuing issue. For purposes of manageability, the 

 study focuses on the programs of three agencies, and mainly on the 

 time period 1960-70. 



AGENCIES INVOLVED IN U.S. EXCHANGE PROGRAMS 



The three agencies are the Department of State, the National 

 Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Academy of Sciences- 

 National Research Council (NAS-NRC). The State Department is 

 responsible for the Senior Fulbright-Hays Program. This program 

 has been funded by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs 

 (CU) and administered by the Committee on the International 

 Exchange of Persons (CIEP) of the Conference Board of Associated 

 Research Councils, National AcademA^ of Sciences, in cooperation with 

 binational commissions in host countries. It seeks to promote educa- 

 tional exchange and cultural understanding as objectives of U.S. 

 foreign policy; the concerns of science are secondary to the objectives 

 of cooperation. 



The National Science Foundation administers four sets of exchange 

 programs: (1) bilateral science agrocments with the countries of 

 Europe, Latin America, and Asia; (2) programs supporting interna- 

 tional travel and meetings of technical personnel; (3) National and 

 Special Research Programs (major research efforts, often interdis- 

 ciplinary, of very broad scope or relating to specific geographic areas 

 and requiring extensive international and U.S. domestic coordination) ; 

 and (4) awards tenable abroad under NSF's research and educational 

 support programs. The NSF programs, designed originally to strengthen 

 the Nation's domestic science base, have been broadened to include 

 initiation and support of foreign and international science and tech- 

 nology. They emphasize science for science's sake. 



The National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council 

 programs implement bilateral inter-Academy agreements for scientific 

 cooperation which are part of Cultural Relations Agreements signed 

 by the United States with the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, 

 Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria, and also support 

 activities of the NAS-NRC-affiliated Committee on Scholarly Com- 

 munication with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC). The 

 Soviet and East European exchange programs are funded by the NSF 

 Office of International Programs and administered by the Section on 

 the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe of the Commission on Inter- 

 national Relations, NAS-NRC. These activities represent an attempt 

 to establish fruitful scientific exchanges between States separated by 

 wide differences in ideology. 



These three major program areas are representative of U.S. 

 Government-sponsored activities for nongovernmental technical 

 personnel abroad; they are the largest, oldest, and most publicized 

 of such program areas, and have wide geographical distribution. 

 Scientists Abroad describes each of the program areas in some detail.'®* 



's< See the following sections of the study: II. The Fulbright-IIays Program for Senior-Level Exchanges 

 (pp. 88'J-!)15); III. National Science Foundation Programs for Americans Abroad (pp. 91(1-981)); and 1\". 

 United Stales and Soviet-Eastern European Inter-Academy Scientific Exchanges (pp. 982-1014). The study 

 also contains a brief section on developing relations with the PRC: V. Scientific Exchanges with the People's 

 Republic of China (pp. 142-148). 



