308 Transactions. — Zoology. 



plate of the female ; the penis, which is at other times 

 doubled back on itself, is extended to its full length, and 

 passes in between the " main rod " and the lower plate. 



The pupa is about T75 mm. in length and 1-25 mm. in 

 breadth, not counting the fringe. The head and thorax are 

 more or less fused together; abdomen well marked and round. 

 The pupa is almost stationary, but sometimes moves about 

 slowly, especially when food is scarce. General colour is a 

 light-yellow. Eyes large, facetted, but not prominent (Plate 

 XXXIV., fig. 1). Ocelli, three. Legs are thick and broad, 

 the distal end provided with a sucker, two hooks, and a spine. 

 Eostrum (Plate XXXIV., fig. 5) is rounded at base and conical 

 at the top, which is of a dark colour. A long seta runs from 

 the tip backwards, and divides into two ; this runs forwards 

 and forms a complicated system of setae, which appear to 

 vary very much in different specimens. The anal ring is on 

 the ventral surface ; and, as I have seen in several of my 

 specimens a small anal ring forming inside the old one, it 

 seems as if new ones are formed as the animal increases in 

 size. 



The greater part of the white excretion found with the 

 insects is excreted by the pupa through the anal ring, but 

 small masses are also excreted by the imago. It appears to 

 be a semi-transparent bag full of a transparent fluid which 

 hardens when exposed to the air. 



The whole body of the pupa is covered with a transparent 

 shield, in appearance very much like a very small tortoise- 

 shell. On the outer edge is a thick fringe of fine, long, trans- 

 parent threads, very much like fine glass tubing. The fringe 

 appears to stick to the leaf, and so hold the pupa in its place. 

 The whole animal, with its fringe, can be hardly seen with a 

 naked eye when on the leaf, but under the microscope it pre- 

 sents a very beautiful appearance. 



Under the shield the wings can be seen forming, and when 

 ready the imago ruptures the shield and emerges as the adult 

 insect, except that the wings are still folded. Some entomo- 

 logists state that the pupa changes its shape as it grows. 

 With the exception of the wings forming and the general size 

 increasing, I have seen no changes, though I had several 

 batches of live insects and pupae under a glass bell jar. I 

 have been unable to find either the eggs or the larvae. 



