Pegg. — Ecological Study of New Zealand Sand-dune Plants. 175 



1. Calamagrostis Billardieri 



2. Arundo conspicua 



3. Poa caespitosa 



4. Festuca littoralis 



5. Scirpus nodosus 



6. — — frondosus 



7. Carex pumila 



8. Leptocarpus simplex 



9. Pimelea arenaria 



10. Leptospermum scoparium 



1 1 . Epilobium Billardieri anum 



12. nerterioides 



13. Gunner a arenaria 

 16. Grantzia lineata 



15. Galystegia Soldanella 



16. Coprosma acerosa 



1 7. Gassinia fulvida 



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F. General Conclusions. 



1. A good deal of anatomical structure appears which, in the case of 

 the true dune-plants, is mesophytic and antagonistic to their well-being. 



2. Certain species are strongly xerophytic in leaf-anatomy — e.g., Scirpus 

 frondosus, Scirpus nodosus, Cassinia fulvida, Leptocarpus simplex. 



3. In considering adaptation to environment, leaf-anatomy alone is not 

 sufficient to decide, but it must be read in conjunction with the special 

 growth-form of the species. 



4. A strongly xerophytic growth-form may permit mesophytic leaf- 

 anatomy- — e.g., Pimelea arenaria, Calystegia Soldanella. 



5. The plants of the moist hollows for the most part are strong 

 mesophytes, as is natural in their environment ; some, however, have 

 xerophytic growth-forms. 



6. Be all the above as it may, so far as the New Zealand dune-plants 

 go that have been studied here, there seems to be anatomical structure 

 quite out of harmony with the environment : the xerophytic structure of 

 Carex pumila, which grows in moist hollows, may be here instanced. 



7. The case of the three active-dune shrubs, Coprosma acerosa, Pimelea 

 arenaria, and Cassinia fulvida, is of interest, since there is a gradual 

 transition, so far as leaf-anatomy goes, from mesophytic to xerophytic, in 

 the order given, and yet they all grow under exactly similar conditions. 

 The three are of distinctly xerophytic habit, but it is certainly worthy of 

 remark that the Pimelea and Cassinia not only have the advantage over 

 the Coprosma in leaf-anatomy, but both have the leaves further protected 

 by tomentum or dense hairs, one of the most efficient of xerophytic adapta- 

 tions, and extensively common in the indigenous alpine xerophytes. It 

 is not well to generalize from individual cases, but here the anatomical 



