206 • Wetlands: Their Use and Regulation 



environmental programs and policies, 74 



regulatory permitting programs, 69 



wetland research program, 76 

 Federal Register, 174 

 Fertilizer Institute, 146, 152, 159 



Florida, 31, 41, 42, 60, 87, 97, 99, 108, 111, 119, 120, 

 122, 130, 152, 168, 188, 191, 'i92 



vV^ 



General Accounting Office (GAO), 132, 133, 156, 157 

 geographic distribution of wetland types, 32 

 Georgia, 25, 41, 42 

 Gianelli, William R., Assistant Secretary of the Army 



(Civil Works), 167 

 Grays Harbor (Washington) Estuary Management Plan, 



134 

 Great Plains Program, 79 

 Great Swamp Refuge, N.Y., 42 



Hackensack River, N.J., 47 



Hammond, Edwin H., 29 



Hawaii, 87 



Hilton Head Island, S.C., 124 



hydrologic characteristics of wetlands, 28 



Illinois, 51, 94 



impacts and mitigation, 117-135 

 definitions, 118 

 development activities, 119-124 



disposal and discharge of pollutants and nonpoint- 



source pollution, 123 

 drainage and clearing, 121 

 dredging and excavation, 119 

 extensive flooding, 122 

 filling, 120 



predicting impacts of, 126 

 general permits, 128 

 limitations, 126 

 wetland reviews, 127 

 water withdrawals and diversions, 123 

 mitigating impacts, 129 



feasibility of compensation on offsite mitigation, 130 

 management plans, 133 

 onsite mitigation to minimize impacts, 131 

 variables of wetland-impact magnitude, 124 

 biological and ecological variables, 125 

 operations variables, 125 

 physical and chemical variables, 124 

 importance of wetlands to man, 37-61 

 attitudes, 37 

 ecological services, 43-61 



climatic and atmospheric functions, 60 

 fish and wildlife values, 52-61 

 endangered wetland species, 57 

 pattern of duck distribution, 53 

 floodpeak reduction, 43-46 

 ground water recharge, 47 

 shoreline erosion control, 46-47 

 water quality improvement, 48-51 

 intrinsic values, 39, 42 



recreation and education, 41 



wetlands or natural areas, 39 

 Indiana, 27 

 Iowa, 97, 194 

 Ipswich River, Mass., 45 



J, Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge, 195 

 J. N. Ding Darling Refuge, Fla., 42 



Kearneysville, W. Va., 77 

 Kentucky, 27 

 Kissimmee River, 51 



Lake Okeechobee, Fla., 51 



Land and Water Conservation Fund, 76 



Lawrence Swamp, Mass., 47, 48 



legislation: 



California Coastal Act, 131 



Clean Water Act (CWA), 4, 9, 10, 15, 69, 70, 75, 82, 

 187 



404 program, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 69, 70, 134, 

 141-161, 167-182 

 Coastal and Inland Wetland Restriction Act, 81 

 Coastal Zone Management Act, 9, 75, 83, 188 

 Dingell-Johnson Act, 75 

 Endangered Species Act, 74 

 Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act, 75 

 Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act, 9, 75 

 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), 69, 



149 

 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 74, 83 

 Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, 12, 



73 

 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 11, 75, 

 118, 141, 154, 171 



Nebraska Environmental Protection Act, 191 

 Nebraska Groundwater Management Act of 1975, 188 

 New Jersey Coastal Area Facilities Review Act, 190 

 New Jersey Flood Hazard Area Control Act, 189 

 North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act, 173 

 North Carolina Dredge and Fill Act, 189 

 North Dakota Drainage Law, 195 

 Pittman-Robertson Act, 75 

 Protect Our Wetlands and Duck Resources Act 



(POWDR), 13, 69, 84 

 Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 10, 11, 72 

 Swamp Land Acts, 37 

 Water Bank Act of 1970, 12 

 Wetlands Loan Act, 9, 12, 13, 69, 72 

 limitations of the 404 program, 167-182 

 Corps performance, 175-182 



district implementation, 176 



monitoring and enforcement, 177 



regulatory policies, 175 

 scope of coverage, 168-174 



cumulative impacts, 174 



decisionmaking criteria, 174 



exempted activities, 170 



general permits, 173 



nationwide permits, 171 



unregulated activities, 168 



