Hill. — Geology of Haicke's Bay. 455 



near the south eutrance there is a large exposure of shingle 

 conglomerate, which has hitherto withstood the force of the 

 heavy breakers that constantly roll in from the open ocean. 



These conglomerates are found topping the hills to the right 

 of the road between Wairoa and Te Kapu, and they strike 

 across in the direction of the cemetery on the hills at the back 

 of the Wairoa Township. I have seen no shingle between this 

 p ace and Mohaka, but at the mouth of the latter river heavy 

 conglomerates rest immediately on Miocene beds, at a height 

 varying from 80ft. to 150fc. above sea-level. Traces of these 

 conglomerates are to be found along the coast for several miles 

 to the south, in the direction of the Waikare River, always 

 topping the Miocene beds, and being situated in what appears 

 to be an old valley leading to Lake Tutira, where, on the 

 highest hills to the north of this lake, I lately saw shingle 

 conglomerates and sands corresponding to the Pohui series. 

 Large loose boulders were also seen, similar to those topping 

 the Miocene beds on the sea-cliffs between Mohaka and 

 Waikare. Isolated deposits of shingle are met with on the 

 hills in the vicinity of Tangoio, and at Maraetara near Petane, 

 at Eedcliffe near Taradale, and on all the islands between 

 Tangoio and Napier shingle deposits, with clays, &c, are 

 exposed. Finally, all the hills extending from Havelock to 

 the Black Reef, inside the Kidnappers, are made up of shingle 

 sands and cognate deposits. I have already explained that 

 the Pohui conglomerates are met with to the north of Lake 

 Tutira. This, I believe, is the most northerly point reached 

 by these beds. With respect to the shingle deposits that are 

 exposed to the south of Tangoio, they are connected directly 

 with more extensive deposits farther to the westward by means 

 of the rivers draining into Hawke's Bay in the south : for ex- 

 ample, the Esk or Petane River passes wholly through shingle 

 and conglomerate deposits which are connected directly with 

 the great conglomerate series in the Pohui district. 



And the same remark applies equally well in the case of the 

 Tutaekuri, Ngaruroro, and Tukituki Rivers in their upper and 

 middle course. The area forming the Ahuriri Plain, across 

 which these rivers pass in their lower course, is not connected 

 with the deposits under notice. The former is much younger 

 than the latter, and is the result of subsidence and refilling 

 from some of the material of the older deposits mixed with 

 new material from the upper waters of the rivers above named. 

 All the shingle deposits through which the Esk, Tutaekuri, 

 Ngaruroro, and Tukituki flow are at a much higher level than 

 the rivers themselves, and they are often mixed with clays, 

 sands, lignites, and other materials, as if they had once 

 occupied lake- or swamp-areas. It is important to observe 

 that the shingle and cognate deposits do not pass from one 



