the Department of Health, Education, and 

 Welfare. Together, these four agencies 

 accounted for 86 percent of total such ex- 

 penditures in 1972. 



D Federal intramural R&D expenditures, as a 

 percent of total U.S. R&D expenditures, in- 

 creased from 13 percent to 16 percent 

 between 1960-72, while the number of scien- 

 tists and engineers (full-time-equivalent) en- 

 gaged in such R&D rose from 12 to 13 per- 

 cent of the U.S. total between 1961-71. 



n Large industrial companies (5,000 or more 

 employees) employed an increasing propor- 

 tion of the total industrial R&D personnel 

 between 1963 and 1971 (up from 79 percent 

 to 85 percent), while the share for small 

 companies (less than 1,000 employees) de- 

 clined from 10 percent to 6 percent. 



D The R&D intensiveness of U.S. industry, as 

 measured by the ratios of R&D expendi- 

 tures to net sales and R&D scientists and 

 engineers to total employment, increased 



between 1960-64 but declined thereafter to a 

 level in 1970 which was lower than in 1960. 

 The largest declines occurred in the most 

 R&D intensive industries. 



n The R&D intensiveness of manufacturing 

 industries declined by some 25 percent 

 between 1964-70 in the five most R&D- 

 intensive industries, and remained essen- 

 tially unchanged in other manufacturing 

 industries during the 1960-70 period. 



D The R&D intensiveness of nonmanu- 

 facturing industries increased by 50 percent 

 between 1960 and 1966, but remained con- 

 stant thereafter through 1970. 



D Industrial R&D is concentrated in relatively 

 few manufacturing industries and in a small 

 number of companies within these 

 industries. In 1970, five industries had 81 

 percent of the total industrial R&D expendi- 

 tures, while accounting for only 48 percent of 

 total manufacturing sales, and 100 

 companies had some 80 percent of the total 

 expenditures. 



■ Scientific and technological activities are per- 

 formed through a mutually complementary 

 system of institutions and associated human re- 

 sources. The system of institutions consists 

 principally of colleges and universities, which 

 both train scientists and engineers and perform 

 research; Federal laboratories, which focus pri- 

 marily on research and development directly re- 

 lated to their respective missions; and private 

 industry, which conducts research and develop- 

 ment leading to new and improved technology, 

 processes, and products. The characteristics and 

 capabilities of this system can be described in 

 terms of the types of institutions involved, the 

 activities they perform, and the effectiveness 

 with which the education and/or R&D func- 

 tions are carried out. 



SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION 

 General Institutional Capabilities 



Higher education in the sciences and engi- 

 neering grew rapidly throughout the past dec- 

 ade. The number of colleges and universities 

 awarding science and engineering degrees in 

 each year between 1961-71 is shown in figure 



52. The major growth was in institutions which 

 granted the master's and Ph.D. degrees; their 

 numbers increased by 57 and 45 percent, respec- 

 tively. Institutions at the bachelor's degree level 

 failed to show the same systematic growth, in 

 part because of the widespread evolution of 

 these colleges into higher level institutions. 



Scientists and engineers employed by 

 universities and colleges are concentrated in 

 doctoral-granting institutions. In 1971 these 

 institutions employed almost 75 percent of all 

 academic scientists and engineers, a fraction 

 which remained essentially unchanged during 

 recent years' (figure 53). The institutions 

 awarded more than 80 percent of all master's de- 

 grees in science and engineering and more than 

 50 percent of the bachelor's degrees during the 

 1964-70 period (figure 54). 



Patterns of Growth in Doctorate Institutions 



Institutional capabilities for graduate 

 education in science and engineering grew in 



' Two-year institutions and other institutions which do 

 not grant science or engineering degrees are not included. 



65 



