the tt'chiiology improvcDient a)ui innovntioii 

 programs of the National Bureau of Stand- 

 ards. As a fraction of total R&D expendi- 

 tures by the Federal Government, this area 

 rose from 2.6 percent in 1063 to 4.4 percent 

 in 1072. 



(3) Transportation, which consists of R&D in 

 air, ground, and water transportation. Ajr 

 trnnipcrtatioii R&D (which accounted for 70 

 percent of Federal expenditures for all 

 transportation R&D in 1972) includes 

 NASA's aeronautical technology program, 

 and the activities of this agency and the 

 Department of Transportation in the areas 

 of system safety and future generations of 

 aeronautical vehicles. Groiitui transporlntton 

 R&D is aimed largely at improved highway 

 and automotive safety and at rapid transit 

 systems. R&D in water and multimodal 

 tratupnrtation includes programs of the U.S. 

 Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, and 

 others. Expenditures for transportation 

 R&D, as a fraction of all Federal R&D 

 expenditures, increased from 1.0 percent in 

 19&3 to 3.8 percent in 1972. 



(4) Environment, which encompasses the pollu- 

 tion coiitro! and ahattincnt programs of the 

 Environmental Protection Agency and the 

 environmental research programs of the 

 Atomic Energy Commission; resource develop- 

 ment and management which includes programs 

 of the Forest Service, National Oceanic and 

 Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); 

 Office of Saline Water, and others; and 

 resource monitoring, measuring, and forecasting con- 

 sisting of the R&D activities of the Geologi- 

 cal Survey and NOAA. As a fraction of total 

 R&D expenditures by the Federal Govern- 

 ment, R&D spending in this area increased 

 from 1.5 percent in 1963 to 3.2 percent in 

 1972. 



(5) Energy Conversion and Development, 



which consists mainly of development of nuclear 

 energy capabilities (85 percent of R&D expendi- 

 tures) and the development and utilization of non- 

 nuclear energy resources. Nuclear energy activi- 

 ties are concentrated on development of the 

 liquid-metal fast breeder reactor; major 

 efforts in the nonnuclear area — which are 

 rising in both absolute and relative 

 terms — center on coal gasification, oxide 

 control technology, and advanced under- 

 ground electric transmission lines. R&D 

 expenditures in this area, as a proportion of 



all Federal R&D outlays, rose from 2.3 per- 

 cent in 1963 to 2.5 percent in 1972. 



(6) Agriculture, includes R&D activities aimed 

 at increasing the quantity and improving the quality of 

 agricultural products and expanding the utilization of 

 agriculture resources. The first category, which 

 comprised more than 90 percent of total 

 R&D expenditures throughout 1963-72, 

 includes the efforts of the Agricultural Re- 

 search Services and the Cooperative State 

 Research Service of the Department of 

 Agriculture; R&D in the second category in- 

 cludes activities of the Economic Research 

 Service and the Farmer Cooperative Serv- 

 ice. As a proportion of all Federal R&D 

 expenditures, those in this area were 1.2 per- 

 cent in 1963 and 1.8 percent in 1972. 



(7) Economic Security, which consists of man- 

 power resources development, reduction of poverty, and 

 income maintenance. R&D in this area is aimed 

 primarily at improving the employability of 

 individuals, promoting equality of 

 opportunity, providing systems of income 

 maintenance, and alleviating poverty. 

 Expenditures for such R&D — provided pri- 

 marily by the Department of Health, Educa- 

 tion, and Welfare and the Office of Economic 

 Opportunity — increased from 0.2 percent of 

 total Federal R&D expenditures in 1963 to 

 1.0 percent in 1972. 



(8) Education, which consists of the R&D activi- 

 ties of the Office of Education, the National 

 Institute of Education, and the Office of 

 Child Development, all of the Department of 

 Health, Education, and Welfare. R&D is 

 spread among a wide range of efforts, in- 

 cluding the development of improved 

 curriculums and individualized instructional 

 materials, better understanding of the learn- 

 ing process, and the motivation of dis- 

 advantaged children. The fraction of total 

 Federal R&D expenditures for this area rose 

 from 0.1 percent in 1963 to 0.8 percent in 

 1972. 



RESOURCES FOR INDUSTRIAL R&D 



Total expenditures for industrial R&D, which 

 include expenditures of both government and 

 private industry, are shown in figure 18. The 

 separation of these two funding sources indi- 



26 



