Figure 35 



Distribution of Scientists and Engineers, 

 by Broad Field, 1960 and 1970 

 Total 



(Thousands) 

 1,200 



Engineers 



Mathematicians 

 - — Social scientists 



— Lde scientists 



Physical scientists 



1960 1970 



SOURCE Bureau ol LabOf Slatislics and National Science foundalion 



(Thousands) 

 160 



120- 



Ph.D.'s 



100- 



i^^ — Mathematicians 



-Social scientists 



-■ Life scientists 



Engineermi 



Physical scientists 



age of engineers with (doctorates (doubled — from 

 a low base of less than one percent. In absolute 

 terms more than four times as many science 

 (90,000) as engineering (22,000) (doctorates were 

 awarded during this period. Thus, science 

 doctorates as a percentage of all scientists con- 

 tinued to be a much larger ratio than engi- 

 neering doctorates as a percentage of all engi- 

 neers. All told, more than 185,000 scientists and 

 engineers with doctorates were working in the 

 United States by 1971. 



Another measure of growth is the ratio of the 

 number of natural scientists and engineers to 

 total civilian employment (figure 36). This ratio 

 increased from 93 per 10,000 working adults in 

 1950 to 167 in 1960 and then to 210 in 1970. 

 Thus, the extent of the growth was greater in 

 the 1950's than in the 1960's. 



R&D and Non-R&D Activities 



The relative changes during the last decade in 

 the numbers of natural scientists and engineers 

 engaged in R&D — as well as in the percentages 

 of all natural scientists and engineers in 

 R&D — have been substantial (figure 37). In 



Figure 35 



Natural Scientists and Engineers in Relation 



to Total Civilian Employment, 1950-70 



(Number) 

 220 



200- 



Natural scientists and engineers 

 per 10,000 in civilian employment "N 



50 



