334 Transactions. 



[h.) Juvenile. — Numerous seedlings were grown by the writer, nearly all 

 of whicli were similar in their leaf-development. Seed-leaves are 1-1-5 cm. 

 long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; they are succeeded by a pair of leaves 

 2-3 cm. long and 0-5-0-8 cm. broad at the middle, either tapering to a point 

 both at base and at apex or broadening out at the apex and thus being 

 almost spathulate. The next 3 or 4 pairs of leaves which arose are narrow- 

 linear, 4-5 cm. long and 0-2-0-3 cm. broad. In 2 or 3 plants the leaves 

 preceding this linear stage passed through stages similar to those of 

 P. heterophylla. 



In connection with this heterophylly, L. Cockayne writes, " At this 

 [linear] stage, in one very distinct form of P. capsidaris, further develop- 

 ment always stops, and the adult leaf in this case is indentical with that 

 of the second stage of P. heterophylla — i.e., the adult of one species is 

 merely a fixed juvenile form of the other " (1908, p. 487). 



All the leaves of the seedlings grown were variegated and this variega- 

 tion is of common occurrence in wild plants. Along the centre of the leaf 

 is a white strip, while at the margin the leaf is brown or reddish-brown. 

 The upper surface of the seed-leaves is uniformly brown, and in all the 

 lower surface is pale green. 



(ii.) Leaf-anatomy 



[a.) Shade Leaf. — Epidermis: Cells slightly flattened; outer walls 

 thickened ; cells of lower epidermis smaller than upper ; thin cuticle ; 

 stomata on lower surface only. Hypoderm : Well developed beneath mid- 

 rib ; at leaf-margin there is a single layer which extends for a short distance 

 along both surfaces. Chlorenchyma : Palisade — 3 layers cells elongated, 

 but not very closely packed ; tissue comprises one-fourth of leaf-thickness ; 

 each cell with a large oil-drop. Spongy — Cells irregular, and intercellular 

 spaces large ; cells bordering on lower epidermis more regular and more 

 closely packed. Vascular bundles have a well-developed sheath of spherical 

 cells with thickened walls. Anthocyan : Abundant in upmost palisade 

 layer and lowest spongy layer. Calcium oxalate in aggregate crystals. 

 Leaf-margin : Strengthened by thicker-walled epidermis and by the layer 

 of hypoderm. 



(&.) Sun LeaJ.- — Epidermis : Cells with thicker walls ; cuticle thicker. 

 Chlorenchyma : Palisade — Occupies fully one-third of leaf-thickness ; cells 

 more elongated and more closely packed. Spongy — Intercellular spaces 

 smaller. Bundle-sheath much strengthened. 



8. Clematis indivisa. 

 a. life-form. 



Growing in the interior of the forest, the species attains its greatest size 

 in places where the smaller trees form its support. The position of the 

 plants seems to indicate that normally the upward growth is upon shrubs, 

 from the top of which the liane continues its growth into the branches of 

 overhanging trees. It may thus reach a height of 10 m. or more, and then 

 the frequent branching of stems expanded along the top of the supporting 

 tree results in an effective display of leaves. The ascending climbing-stem, 

 2-3 cm. in diameter, and covered with a buff-coloured wrinkled bark, may 

 be close to the trunk of the support, or it may be among the leafy branches. 

 The latter is by far the more common arrangement, being associated with 



