164 Transactions. — Zoology. 



Imaginal organs are developed within well-marked areas 

 of the pupa. The prothorax is small ; mesothorax greatly 

 enlarged at the expense of the other thoracic segments ; from 

 the latter and the post-thorax the wing-cases extend laterally 

 and nearly meet together ventrally. On the ventral surface 

 the head is anterior, with protuberant eye-pieces ; the proboscis, 

 antennae, and legs are between the wing-cases. The anterior 

 abdominal spiracles are subdorsal, and the others are lateral. 



Kudimentary tubercle setae correspond to the larval 

 tubercles in position (fig. 19). In some groups, as Bho- 

 palocera, prominent protuberances are developed. In most 

 groups the armature of the posterior extremity of the pupae 

 is most interesting. Nyctcmcra annulata (Arctida) has a 

 blunt posterior extremity, with about a dozen weak, thin, 

 hooked bristles arranged postero-dorsally (fig. 23). Melanchra 

 coviposita (Noctua) has a less blunt extremity, terminated by 

 two strong spines, in front of which on each side are a lateral 

 and a subdorsal spine (fig. 21). 



The pupa of Asaphodes mcgaspilata (Geometrce) has a 

 pointed extremity and two strong spines, and a single weaker 

 spine on each side (fig. 22). Vanessa gonerilla (Rhopalocera) 

 has the extremity of the pupa extended considerably, with a 

 large number of terminal hooks by which it is firmly sus- 

 pended from its silken pad. 



Species which feed externally during larval existence may 

 be pitted with small cavities or minutely rough on surface of 

 the pupal segments, but have no segmental spines except at 

 the posterior extremity ; there may be exceptions, but this is 

 characteristic. Species which feed internally during larval 

 existence — in fruit or wood — or live in cases, have an interest- 

 ing character in the pupal stage, in segmental spines or hooks, 

 which assist the pupa to emerge from the larval habitat. 



HcpialidcB have numerous points or spines (not hooks), 

 which are placed close together along the anterior and 

 posterior ridges of the dorsum of the abdominal segments, and 

 also ventral spines ; these are all directed posterior, are not 

 present on the anal segments, which are without terminal 

 armature. Carpocapsa pomonella (Tortricidce) has anterior 

 and posterior segmental spines on the dorsum ; these spines 

 are a little distance apart, directed posterior, and extend to 

 the anal segments. There are no ventral spines, but the 

 blunt anal extremity has an armature composed of a pair 

 subdorsal a pair sublateral hooks on each side (fig. 24). 

 (Eccticus omiiivorus (Psychida) is remarkable in the male 

 pupa, which is provided with numerous small hooks on the 

 posterior edge of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments 

 dorsally ; these are directed anterior. On segments 6, 7, and 8 

 a mid-dorsal patch of about twelve very strong hooks are 



