Cockatne. — Ecological Studies in Evolution. 43 



more or less closely to New Zealand species are marked with an asterisk : 

 Adiantum affine Willd. var. chathamicum Field (Filic), *Poa chathamica 

 Petrie, Festuca Coxii Hack. (Gram.), *Carex appressa R. Br. var. sectoides 

 Kukenth., *Phormium tenax Forst. var. with broad thin drooping leaves 

 (Liliae), Geranium Traversii Hook. f. and var. elegans Cockayne (Geran.), 

 *Linum monogynum Forst. f. var. chathamicum Cockayne (Linac), *Plagi- 

 anthus betulinus A. Cunn. var. chathamicus Cockayne (Malvac), Aciphylla 

 Traversii Hook, f., Coxella Dieffenbachii Cheesem. (Umbel.), *Corokia 

 macrocarpa T. Kirk (Comae), *Styphelia robusta (Hook, f.), *Dracophyllum 

 arboreum Cockayne, *D. paludosum Cockayne (Epacrid.), *Suttonia Coxii 

 Cockayne (Myrsinac), *Gentiana chathamica Cheesem. (Gentian.), Veronica 

 Dieffenbachii Benth., V. Barkeri Cockayne, V. Dorrien-Smithii Cockayne, 

 V. chathamica Buch., *V. gigantea Cockayne (Scroph.), *Coprosma chat- 

 hamica Cockayne (Rubiae), *Olearia semidentata Dene., *0. chathamica 

 T. Kirk, 0. Traversii Hook, f., *Cotula Muelleri T. Kirk, C. Featherstonii 

 F. Muell., *Senecio radiolatus F. Muell., *S. Huntii F. Muell., *Sonchus 

 grandifolius T. Kirk (Compos.). 



The nineteen " species " marked with an asterisk are closely related 

 to forms found elsewhere in New Zealand, while sixteen of these are very 

 close indeed. Veronica gigantea would certainly be considered a variety 

 of V. salicifolia Forst. were it not for its distinct juvenile form, which still 

 persists up to a stature of at least 80 cm., and its arboreal habit. It is the 

 only true forest-veronica, and it may be that the juvenile form is a direct 

 adaptation to forest-undergrowth conditions. 



(f.) Stewart Island. 

 A number of species have, as yet, been collected only on Stewart Island, 

 but in the face of the fact that year by year shows more of the plants 

 thought to be endemic fairly common on the mainland, &c, it is quite 

 possible that the island contains no endemic species. 



(g.) The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. 

 There are 195 species and named varieties, of which fifty-one ara 

 endemic, nineteen of these being closely related to New Zealand species. 

 No list is given here, as these endemic species are treated of by Cheese- 

 man with considerable detail (1909, pp. 463-66). With regard to special 

 endemism in the various groups, the Auckland Islands have six species, 

 the Campbells four, Antipodes Island four, Macquarie Island three, and the 



Snares two. 



(h. ) Isolation on the Main Islands. 



Endemism is not confined to isolated islands, but the various floral 

 districts contain their peculiar species and forms. The most striking 

 examples are western Nelson and western Otago, with thirty-three and 

 thirty-eight endemic species respectively. The northern part of Auckland 

 (thirteen species), Marlborough (fourteen species), and other localities show 

 a distinct local endenrsm. It is obvious, then, that a strong endemism 

 can exist apart from such a barrier as a wide stretch of ocean. But figures 

 such as the above are not final ; further investigations may decrease or 

 even increase them. Also, it is certain that not all the species included 

 have originated in the " isolated " areas ; some of the most distinct have 

 probably been much more widely spread, and are " relics " merely. 



The continuity of distribution of species of the New Zealand flora varies 

 from those with a fairly continuous distribution to those which occur in 

 only a few localities far distant from one another. Notable examples of 

 extreme discontinuity are : Danthonia antarctica Hook, f., common in 



