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useful to explore some relevant goals of American foreign policy. 

 There are overall goals, variously expressed, of American foreign 

 policv toward which all foreign policy actions are more or less directed, 

 but they may seem too vague or Utopian to be helpful. While there is 

 no single document accepted by all Americans as the official declara- 

 tion of foreign policy goals, there is a consensus on what the ultimate 

 goals are. These might be summarized as a world of peace and freedom, 

 or a peaceful world order in which justice and freedom prevail, or a 

 world in which the United States may exist in peace and security. 



Within these broad goals there are more specific objectives. The 

 promotion Qf mutual understanding and friendly relations, further 

 progress toward a sound and expanding world economy, the wider 

 application of international law, the reduction and control of arma- 

 ments and the building of collective security systems, for example, are 

 objectives through which the United States is seeking to attain a 

 world of peace and freedom. These objectives in turn may be broken 

 down into still more specific components such as, in the case of the 

 reduction and control of armaments, regulation of the military use 

 of the ocean bed or outer space. Defining foreign policy goals in each 

 case will go hand in hand with the process of determining how science 

 and foreign policy are interrelated. Among the questions which might 

 be asked are: To what degree are the goals of science and foreign 

 policy in specific cases the same or different ? Who formulates the goals 

 in each case? Can foreign policy goals be as clear as scientific goals? 

 How are priorities determined when there is conflict between a scien- 

 tific goal and a foreign policy goal, or between different foreign policy 

 objectives when science and technology can be applied to strengthen 

 one or the other? 

 3. The Growing Importance of Science and Technology in U.S. Culture 



The importance of basic science for technological advance is well 

 established: it provides essential new information and ideas, training 

 in underlying principles and new concepts of hardware, laboratory 

 skills, and an attitude of receptivity of innovation. In the long run, 

 the disclosures of basic scientific research may be the most momentous 

 factor in social change, and political decisions concerning the support 

 of this research may be of the highest consequence. However, the 

 effects on society of technology are more obvious and immediate than 

 those of science. 



Agricultural technology in this century has brought farm families 

 down from 50 percent to less than 5 percent of the population while 

 cultivated land shrank and production rose. The application of tech- 

 nology to personal transportation brought into being the dominant 

 industry in the Nation, restructured the city and altered the social 

 role and values of the family. Public health, medical drugs, and pesti- 

 cides have enabled a worldwide increase in populations, raising life 

 expectancy almost everywhere. Communication technology has 

 spawned business enterprises extending into many political jurisdic- 

 tions, a large television industry for home entertainment, and infor- 

 mation flows that are national — and often international — in their 

 reach. The coupling of computers with wire communications serves as 

 an ever-increasing part of the population with bank records, billings, 



