15 



the most important characteristics of science is that it can be, and usually is, 

 outside the realm of politics. It has provided us areas of peaceful dialogue and co- 

 operation between ourselves, our friends and our potential enemies that have 

 hardly been possible in any other field of activity. The International Geophysical 

 Year programs were great testimony to this fact. 20 



Dr. James R. Killian, Jr., of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 

 who had been the first Presidential science adviser following the Sput- 

 nik success of the Soviet Union, told the same Seminar that the inte- 

 gration of science and technology into foreign policy was a practical 

 imperative. There was a "diplomatic opportunity to grasp a powerful 

 new lever to advance our national interest in the world arena." 



The United States [he continued] has exceptional technical resources that are 

 understood all over the world, both by advanced peoples and by less-advanced 

 peoples. This scientific and technological strength is among the most conspicuous, 

 most admired, and most persuasive features on the American landscape * * *. 

 In this technology and the education which supports it, lies a unique diplomatic 

 opportunity, if we can but cultivate the complicated skills and understanding 

 required to exploit it, and create the condition where this skill and understanding 

 can be made really at home in agencies concerned with affairs abroad. The power 

 of our science and technology to serve national goals at home and abroad also 

 presents to the Department of State a compelling reason to pursue policies 

 designed to maintain and augment this quality. 21 



However, Dr. Killian also took note of the fact that fewer than 150 

 of the members of the Foreign Service have "majored in the sciences, 

 engineering, or mathematics"; he called this number "disappointingly 

 small." 



Scientists in the United States have become keenly aware of the 

 expanding scope and reach of scientific inquiry. A report by the Com- 

 mittee on Science in the Promotion of Human Welfare, of the Ameri- 

 can Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1965, warned 

 that "The entire planet can now serve as a scientific laboratory." 22 



Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commis- 

 sion, in a speech in 1966, called attention to the essential international- 

 ism of science, which he said "may ultimately be mankind's greatest 

 blessing." He offered two reasons for this belief. 



The first, and more obvious, is that international cooperation in science will 

 accelerate those advances of mankind which, if applied wisely and equally around 

 the world, will help to eliminate the causes of political and economic strife. 



The second idea is that internationality in science extends the rational 

 processes of science to other human activities in all countries, and that the 

 ascendancy of scientists within their respective countries will influence national 

 leaders and their people to deal with problems in a more rational and hence more 

 peaceful and productive way * * *. If we view science in its broadest terms, that 

 is, as a highly organized and penetrating pursuit of knowledge and truth, some 

 good is going to come by having the attitudes and approaches of science applied 

 to other areas. 



As an example of necessary international cooperation, he called 

 attention to the growth of "big science," whose researches "demand 



20 Hon. George P. Miller. "Legislative Scientific Committees." Address by the Hon. 

 George P. Miller, Chairman, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, January 12, 

 1965. Made at Foreign Service Institute Seminar. In U.S. Department of State. Science, 

 Technology, and Foreign Affairs. Report on the Seminar held at the Foreign Service 

 Institute, January 11 to February 2, 1965. Prepared by L. R. Audrieth, Visiting Pro- 

 fessor of Science Affairs at the Foreign Service Institute, and H. I. Chinn, Science Officer, 

 International Scientific and Technological Affairs, Department of State. (Washington, 

 U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), p. 5. 



21 Dr. James R. Killian, Jr., "Science in the State Department: A Practical Impera- 

 tive." Address by Dr. James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Corporation, M.I.T., Janu- 

 ary 11. 1965. Made at Foreign Service Institute Seminar. In Ibid., pp. 42—43. 



22 "The Integrity of Science : A Report by the AAAS Committee on Science in the Pro- 

 motion of Human Welfare." American Scientist (No. 53, 1965), p. 191. 



96-525 O - 77 - vol. 1 



