12 



of the importance of pure science" the distinguishing feature of the 

 twentieth century in the United States. It Avas well established, he 

 said, that progress in technology depended on progress in theory. 

 Science had emerged from a peripheral concern of Government to 

 active partnership. 



I would suggest that science is already moving to enlarge its influence in three 

 general ways: in the interdisciplinary area, in the international area, and in the 

 intercultural area. For science is the most powerful means we have for the unifi- 

 cation of knowledge, and a main obligation of its future must be to deal with prob- 

 lems which cut across boundaries, whether boundaries between the sciences, 

 boundaries between nations, or boundaries between man's scientific and his hu- 

 mane concerns. 



[Continued the President:] Every time you scientists make a major invention, 

 we politicians have to invent a new institution to cope with it, and almost invari- 

 ably these days, and happily, it must be an international institution. 11 



5. Impact of Nuclear and Rocket Technologies on World Outlook 



The two principal innovations that intensified awareness of the 

 relevance of science and technology for diplomacy in the Twentieth 

 Century were atomic energy and artificial earth satellites. The first led 

 to creation of the Atomic Enerffv Commission, the Office of Naval Re- 

 search and other military research agencies, and the National Science 

 Foundation. The second produced the National Aeronautics and Space 

 Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Council, the 

 Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering and the 

 Advanced Research Projects Agency in the Department of Defense, 

 and a much-expanded science organization in the Executive Office of 

 the President; the emphasis resulting from these actions led in turn 

 to the designation of a number of Assistant Secretaries for Science 

 and Technology (or equivalent) in old-line departments. The litera- 

 ture responding to the two notable scientific/ technological achieve- 

 ments contains many references to their international impact, of which 

 the following are representative : 



Bernard M. Baruch: 



My Fellow-Members of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, and my 

 Fellow-Citizens of the World, 



We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead. 



That is our business. 



Behind the black portent of the new atomic age lies a hoi>e which, seized upon 

 with faith, can work our salvation. Let us not deceive ourselves. We must elect 

 World Peace or World Destruction." 



Secretary of State John Foster Dulles: 



The United Nations Charter now reflects serious inadequacies. One inade- 

 quacy sprang from ignorance. When we were in San Francisco in the Spring of 

 1945, none of us knew of the atomic bomb which was to fall on Hiroshima on 

 August 6, 1945. The Charter is thus a pre-Atomic Age Charter. In this sense it 

 was obsolete before it actually came into force. As one who was at San Francisco, 

 I can say with confidence that if the delegates there bad known that the mysteri- 

 ous and immeasurable power of the atom would be available as a means of mass 



11 U.S. President (John P. Kennedy). "Address at the Anniversary Convocation of the 

 National Academy of Sciences." Speech given October 22, 196:5. in Public Papers of the 

 Presidents, John F. Kennedy, 1963. (Washington, r.s. Government Printing Office, 1964), 



PP. 802 •". 



« Opening salutation by Bernard M. Baruch to United Nations Atomic Energy Com- 

 mission, June 14, 1040, before Introducing his plan for the International control of atomic 

 energy. 



