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opportunity in agricultural production, energy generation, and human 

 mobility. However, their second-order effects as global pollutants have 

 begun to motivate concerted action among nations to preserve and 

 restore the world's natural environment. Science and technology are 

 called upon to contribute to the solution of such human problems as 

 the worsening food/population balance, the "information explosion." 

 and the worldwide problem of water resource management. Science 

 and technology have generated such diplomatic problems as the control 

 of atomic weaponry and radiation, the rapid spread of diseases vec- 

 tored by modern aircraft transportation, and the occurrence of crises 

 resulting from the instant global communication made possible by 

 modern electronics. 



Science and diplomacy are intertwined in many other ways. The 

 multiplication of such global science programs as the International 

 Geophysical Year, World Weather Watch, and the International Bio- 

 logical Program, invariably have their diplomatic aspects. The IGY, 

 for example, led a chain of events that included the Antarctic Treaty, 

 progress in the use of satellites for space exploration, and the "Treaty 

 Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, 

 and Under Water." The travel of scientists to frequent international 

 meetings, or personal consultation, or research abroad, increases the 

 need for services by the Department of State to help and support 

 American scientists in these activities. Scientists themselves participate 

 in unofficial, exploratory investigations of possible future diplomatic 

 opportunities, in such ventures as the "Pugwash Conferences.'' All 

 these international contacts among scientists and engineers are difficult 

 to evaluate as to their diplomatic consequences, but they are cerrainly 

 significant. 



The methods of science and technology also offer support for the 

 conduct of diplomacy in the analysis and solution of international 

 problems. Investment in research is a continuing function of the U.S. 

 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, for example. The factfind- 

 ing and hypothesis-testing methods of science have been advanced as 

 offering possible methodologies for the study of strategy, decisionmak- 

 ing, and information dissemination. Engineering techniques are com- 

 ing into use in the establishment and achievement of goals in foreign 

 aid and communications management. The use of cybernetics, systems 

 analysis, and PERT (program evaluation and review technique) 

 network analysis are suggested as having application to the manage- 

 ment of the huge flow of diplomatic information. 



In view of the deep penetration of the substance, the problems, and 

 the methods of science and technology into American diplomacy, a 

 number of questions become salient. To what extent have the problems 

 generated by science and technology been assessed by the institutions 

 created to maintain U.S. diplomacy \ I low adequately stalled and sup- 

 ported are these institutions to exploit the potent ia lit ies of science and 

 technology in support of the objectives of U.S. diplomacy? What 

 problems and opportunities for the future are discernible as a result 

 of the great increase in the Government sponsorship of science and 

 technology? In what ways are the results of this expanded science and 

 technology beneficial for American diplomacy? In what ways are the 

 results injurious, or potentially so ( And again, what can be done for 

 the future \ 



