213 



TABLE IV.-APPROPRIATIONS FOR EURATOM RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS FROM 1958 TO 1971 



[In millions of units of account (US$)1 



1958-68' 1969 1970 1971 Totals 



Technological research connected with reactor de- 

 velopment: 



Fast reactors 97.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 102.0 



High-temperature gas reactors 50.5 3.2 3.2 3.7 60.6 



Heavy-water reactors 176.2 9.4 9.9 11.4 206! 9 



Proven-type reactors 66.2 ' 66 2 



Othertypes 16.3 '."" 16 3 



Technological problems ) 97 n ( 1.6 1.7 2.6) .„',, 



Nuclear materials J u.v \ 2 . 3 2.6 3.0) 40 - l 



Reactor physics _) ln R ( .6 .6 .7) ,. - 



Direct conversion.. ] \ .6 .7 .8 J 14 " 6 



Irradiated fuel recycling 6.9 6.9 



Waste processing 3.0 _ """ 3! 



Plutonium and transplutonium elements 41.3 4.0 4.5 5.1" 54.9 



Total technological research 495.3 23.1 24.7 28.5 571.6 



Public service: 



Nuclear measurements and standards 22.7 2.9 3.2 3.8 32.6 



Data processing and computer center 15.8 3.3 3.9 4.3 27 3 



High-flux irradiations 40.1 3.8 4.2 4.7 52^8 



Biology and health protection 20.5 3.-5 3.8 4.1 31.9 



Radioisotope applications 4.9 .1 —(2) —(J) 5^0 



Training 3.9 .5 .5 .6 5.5 



Dissemination of information 12.2 1.7 — Q) —(a) 13.9 



Total, public service 



Oriented basic research : 



Fusion and plasma physics 



Condensed state physics 



Total, oriented basic research 



Grand total 671.4 47.0 49.0 56.0 823.4 



' Two 5-year programs. 



J As from 1970 the appropriations for the radioisotope applications program and the dissemination of information 

 program are not included in the research budget. 



Source: Nuclear News, vol. 14 (April 1971), p. 43. 



•was brought into instant existence by transfer of laboratories from 

 four of the member states. 197 



Dissension, Crisis, and Delay in Euratom's Programs 



Early hopes that Euratom would become the prime mover for a 

 coherent, integrated European approach to development of nuclear 

 power technology were dashed by dissension, crisis, and delay. Eura- 

 tom's research and development has been threatened with disruption 

 and in the eyes of some observers has been weak and fragmented. The 

 rivalry between Euratom and national nuclear technology programs 

 appeared at an early stage and has since afflicted Euratom's program. 

 Member states seem to have acted on the principle that a national 

 nuclear development effort must necessarily precede or accompany 



197 The Ispra center. — The first and largest of the Euratom research centers Is that at 

 Ispra, Italy. Begun as an Italian nuclear research establishment in 1959, it was transferred 

 to Euratom in March 1961 under a 99 year arrangement. Much of Euratom's nuclear tech- 

 nology work has been done here. Ispra also contains a scientific data processing center that 

 performs computer calculations for the European community. 



The Petten center. — The Petten Nuclear Research Establishment is located adjacent to 

 Holland's Reactor Centrum Nederland at Petten, on the North Sea some 36 miles north of 

 Amsterdam. Work at Petten focuses on nuclear measurements. Ai large materials-testing 

 reactor that was built by the Dutch Government was transferred to Euratom in 1962. 



The Gecl center. — A Central Office for Nuclear Measurements for Euratom Is located 

 close to the Belgian National Nuclear Research Center at Mol, north of Brussels and near 

 the Dutch border. 



The Karlsruhe center. — A European Institute for Transuranic Elements is located adja- 

 cent to West Germany's Karlsruhe Nuclear Center. It is concerned primarily with research 

 on plutonium. 



