212 



clear research. Euratom would advise on each program to avoid un- 

 necessary duplication and guide research of member states toward 

 subjects receiving insufficient attention. However, the Treaty forbade 

 Euratom to publish any such programs without consent. 



The Treaty provided Euratom four means of influencing the nuclear 

 research of its member states and their nuclear establishments. 

 Euratom could : 



(1) Furnish financial assistance for research ; 



(2) Supply nuclear source materials and enriched uranium or 

 plutonium at its disposal ; 



(3) Place facilities, equipment, or expert assistance at the dis- 

 posal of member states, persons, or enterprises, either against pay- 

 ment or free of charge ; and 



(4) Initiate joint financing by member states, persons, or enter- 

 prises concerned. 



These features of the treaty were intended to give Euratom some in- 

 fluence over research in the national establishments of the member 

 states. But Euratom was not authorized to direct the nuclear research 

 establishments of its members or their nuclear industries. It could, of 

 course, direct the research and development done with its funds in its 

 own establishments or in other organizations. Equipped with these 

 powers, Euratom in principle could have greatly influenced the Euro- 

 pean nuclear industry. But because of dissension among its members, 

 these powers were not to be fully exercised. 



FUNDING OF EURATOM RESEARCH 



Euratom is financed by two budgets : one for operations, the other 

 for research and investment. Member states contribute to each. The 

 prevailing pattern has been for France, Germany, and Italy each to 

 fund 28 percent of the operating budget, Belgium and Holland 7.9 



Sercent each, and Luxembourg 0.2 percent. As for the research and 

 evelopment budget, the pattern has been for France and West Ger- 

 many to finance 30 percent each, Italy 23 percent, Belgium 9.9 per- 

 cent, the Netherlands 6.9 percent, and Luxembourg 0.2 percent. 



Funds for Euratom research for the period 1958 through 1971 

 totaled $823.4 million. Table IV shows the breakdown of this budget 

 according to component programs. 195 



IN-HOUSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR EURATOM 



Euratom's facilities perform long-term, basic research remote from 

 large scale commercial application of nuclear power by industrial 

 concerns. Euratom also furnishes technological services, scientific and 

 technical information, testing, and standardization of measurements. 

 The Treaty provided Euratom with its own in-house research facil- 

 ities. It specified establishment of a Joint Research Center, 196 which 



196 "Spondins by Euratom," Nuclear News, vol. 14 (April, 1971), p. 43. 

 "• Article 8 laid down three conditions for the Joint Research Center : 



(1) The Center shall ensure the implementation of the research programs and of 

 any other tasks entrusted to it by Euratom. 



(2) The Center shall also ensure the establishment of uniform nuclear terminology 

 and a standard system of measurements. 



(3) The Center could be composed of separate establishments for geographical or 

 operational reasons. 



