126 



V. Bilateral Agreements, etc. — Continued Pase 



Providing Working Experience With Nuclear Energy 164 



The Research Reactor Program 164 



Some Doubts and Insights 164 



Fuel for Research Reactors 165 



The Power Reactor Program 165 



The Bilateral Agreement Situation in 1971 167 



Additional Measures To Stimulate Foreign Interest in Nuclear 



Power 168 



Allocation of Nuclear Fuel Materials 168 



Establishing Prices for Nuclear Fuel Materials 169 



Financial Assistance for Foreign Nuclear Powerplants 170 



Fuel Reprocessing and Waste Disposal 171 



Authority for the U.S. Nuclear Industry To Provide Nu- 

 clear Products and Assistance 172 



A Reluctance To Export Technology 172 



Safeguarding Nuclear Materials Supplied Through Bilateral 



Agreements 173 



Conclusions and Current Issues 174 



VI. Creating an International Organization: The International Atomic 



Energy Agency 176 



The IAEA: A Brief Description 176 



Changing Goals and Situations 177 



The Fruits of Negotiation 178 



The Role of Scientists in the Negotiations 179 



Some Insights From Congressional Review 179 



Limitations Upon the U.S. Commitment 181 



Warnings of Consequences of Failure To Ratify 182 



The International Atomic Energy Agency Participation Act of 



1957 182 



Bilateral Agreements and the IAEA 183 



A Bilateral Agreement With the IAEA and Three Policy 



Questions 184 



U.S. Participation in the IAEA 185 



Initial U.S. Support 185 



Trends in U.S. Support 186 



A Hardheaded Approach to IAEA Functions 187 



A Stronger Role for the IAEA: The Smyth Report of 1962 188 



A State Department Commentary 189 



An AEC Reaction 190 



A Pessimistic Postscript 



The Decline of the Supply Function 191 



International Standards for Nuclear Safety 192 



International Safeguards for Nuclear Materials 194 



Congressional Interest in IAEA Safeguards 195 



Bilateral Versus IAEA Safeguards 197 



Evolution of IAEA Safeguards: A Brief Chronology 198 



Conclusions and Current Issues 201 



VII. Creating a Regional Nuclear Organization: The European Atomic 



Energy Community (Euratom) 203 



Origins of Euratom 203 



Advice for the Decisionmakers 204 



A Target for Euratom 204 



U.S. Support for European Nuclear Integration 205 



Soviet Opposition to Euratom 206 



Three Policy Issues of Euratom 207 



Whether Euratom Should Manufacture Enriched Uranium. 207 



Whether To Include Military Activities in Euratom 208 



Whether Euratom Should Have a Monopoly of Nuclear 



Materials 208 



A Treaty for Euratom 208 



