28 



information management, communication, problem-identification, 

 problem-analysis, policy decisionmaking, negotiation and media- 

 tion, and implementation feed-back. 

 Cases are defined as discrete, coherent, and manageable episodes 

 involving the interaction of science and technology with foreign 

 policy, which are, or are capable of being, encompassed within a single 

 program. Interactions of science and technology with diplomacy take 

 many forms. Episodic subjects chosen to represent these various inter- 

 actions are the international control of atomic energy; commercial 

 uses of atomic energy in Europe ; the Mekong Regional Development 

 Proposal; the United Nations and the sea bed; the International Geo- 

 physical Year; and United States-Soviet relations and technology 

 transfer. 



The continuing issues are recurrent international problems or condi- 

 tions, with general, long-range goals and incremental or partial ease- 

 ments. They are discussed by the late Charles O. Lerche in the follow- 

 ing terms : 



Within American foreign policy today there are a number of "continuing 

 issues." These are problems stemming from the general policy line the United 

 States has been pursuing that are peculiar in that they do not seem to permit 

 of any final resolution. Each has been met often within the context of a given 

 set of circumstances, but each change in the situational milieu has required that 

 new answers be given to the old questions. 34 



Among the examples suggested by Lerche were strategic weaponry 

 policy, arms control, foreign assistance, trade and tariff policy, and 

 psychological factors. 



The continuing issues chosen for intensive analysis in this study are 

 expressed in such terms as understanding the evolution and interna- 

 tional political impacts of technology; influencing the level of world 

 health; achieving improvements in the food/population balance on a 

 global basis; understanding, evaluating, and redirecting the flow of 

 scientific and technical personnel from one country to another; ex- 

 amining the strengths and weaknesses of U.S. Government programs 

 for sending U.S. scientists abroad; and improving the diplomatic 

 skills of scientists and the scientific understanding of diplomats. 



Each of these cases and issues is dealt with in a separate chapter. 

 Parts 3 and 4 of the study entail analysis of all the "issues" and 

 "cases" to ascertain what generalizations might be drawn as to present 

 measures and resources for constructively relating science or technol- 

 ogy and American diplomacy. 



Plan of the Study 



In general, the issues selected for study are definable but open- 

 ended, of a continuing nature. They Have wide ramifications, and 

 require a careful selection of data to bring them into focus. Instead of 

 an outcome, they may reveal a general tendency or direction. The 

 cases, by contrast, are set in a shorter time frame. They tend to 

 be more sharply defined and discrete as problems, more precise in 

 scope, with some more measurable consequences. For the most part 

 they are essentially resolved as to their outcome. 



** Charles 0. Lerche, Foreign Policy of the American People. Third Edition. (Englewood 

 Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1U07), p. 223, 



