31 



(6) Science and technology in, the Department of State. — Under 

 this heading are considered such factors as: State Department organ- 

 ization and procedures for marshaling science and technology in sup- 

 port of both short-range and long-range U.S. foreign policy objectives, 

 educational programs and briefings on science and technology- for the 

 Foreign Service at home and abroad, organization of specialists in 

 science and technology within the Department of State and their re- 

 lations with generalists in the Department, opportunities and prob- 

 lems, and prospects for the future. 



5. Criteria for the Selection of Cases 



Being time-oriented and discrete, the cases are concerned with op- 

 erational matters and action decisions, and with the consequences of 

 these. They afford a somewhat different outlook from *he studies of 

 issues in the ways in which foreign policy is determined and imple- 

 mented in a variety of specific problems. Nevertheless, most of the 

 criteria applicable to the selection of issues for study apply also to the 

 cases. They need to be consequential, and regarded as such. They need 

 to have a substantial technical content. And they need to involve de- 

 cisions as to the uses of science or technology to further policy, or as 

 to the use of diplomatic measures to further some basic capability or 

 activity of science or technology. 



Some additional criteria are of particular relevance in the selection 

 of the cases. Inasmuch as a number of fields involve sensitive and 

 classified matters, for which documentation would be difficult in an 

 unclassified study, these will be avoided. Then, the cases need to deal 

 with subjects that yield explicit findings of actions taken and their 

 results. They should illustrate both geographically-oriented and disci- 

 pline-oriented problems. Care has been taken to select a range of 

 cases to illustrate a range of institutional structures, kinds of tech- 

 nical expertise, and administrative concepts. Finally, the cases selected 

 all present the problem of time orientation in a dynamic subject-area; 

 that is, the timing of the action-decision and the timing of its imple- 

 mentation are relevant to the action and its results. 



6. Form-at for the Presentation of Cases 



An effort parallel to that applied to the issues was made to achieve 

 some degree of uniformity in the organization of the various chapters 

 dealing with cases. The format adhered to is in general the following : 



(a) The environment of the case and its historical evolution; 



(b) Definition and development of the problem; 



(c) Organizational framework involved in dealing with the 

 problem ; 



(d) Chronological account of the development of the problem; 



(e) How the problem came to the attention of the decision- 

 making institution; 



(/) Methods and procedures employed in the decision process; 



(g) Description of the ultimate decision; 



(h) Subsequent developments that flowed from the decision (its 

 implementation and the responses evoked) ; 



(i) Evaluation of the decision in terms of the ultimate outcome ; 



(j) Evaluation of the decisionmaking process, with particular 

 attention to its technical aspects; 



(k) Further questions raised by the case. 



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