220 



Should a member state resist inspection, Euratom is authorized to 

 impose sanctions. In order of severity, possible penalties include : 



(1) a warning; 



(2) withdrawal of special advantages, such as financial or tech- 

 nical assistance; 



(3) placing the enterprise under the administration of a person 

 or board appointed jointly by the Commission and the state hav- 

 ing jurisdiction over the enterprise; and 



(4) complete or partial withdrawal of nuclear fuel materials. 

 Tadate, no penalties have been imposed, no discrepancies have been 



detected, and member governments have cooperated with inspections. 



EURATOM SAFEGUARDS AND U.S. POLICY 



Once Euratom was established, the United States negotiated a 

 bilateral agreement with it. One issue was safeguards. The United 

 States wanted a direct voice in the application of safeguards 

 to U.S.-supplied materials, including the right of inspection by U.S. 

 inspectors. Euratom would not agree. Ultimately the United States 

 and Euratom compromised as the United States agreed to rely upon 

 Euratom's system and inspectors, but with the right to audit com- 

 pliance with standards set out in the agreement. Congressional sen- 

 sitivity on this compromise is suggested by the following exchange 

 between Senator Anderson of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy 

 and AEC Commissioner-John Floberg in 1958 : 211 



Senator Anderson : Mr. Floberg, does the language of the agreement as you 

 see it give this government the right to inspect facilities erected by Euratom? 



Mr. Floberg: I don't know if I have your question completely in mind, Sen- 

 ator, but the agreement and the exchange of letters explaining the agreement 

 seem to give us the right to audit, for want, of a better word, the compliance with 

 the standards set forth in the agreement. 



Senator Anderson : You used the term "audit" ; do you think it gives us a right 

 to look at the books? 



Mr. Floberg : It certainly does, and it gives us the right to weigh, assay, and 

 count and otherwise verify. I apologize for that word "audit." It is not. a very 

 good one. But I think it is comprehensive enough if you don't take it too literally. 



Euratom and. Nuclear Safety 



The generation of nuclear power, reprocessing of used nuclear fuels, 

 and perpetual storage of radioactive wastes from these fuels are in- 

 herently dangerous activities. This fact caused the negotiators of the 

 Treaty of Rome to vest another supranational power in Euratom : 

 to set basic standards for the protection of workers and the general 

 public from these hazards of nuclear power. 212 Signatories of the 

 Treaty committed themselves to enact national legislation to ensure 

 compliance with the basic standards determined by Euratom and to 

 take necessary measures with regard to instruction, education, and 

 professional training for radiological health hazards. Member states 

 in whose territories nuclear experiments of a particularly dangerous 

 nature may take place are committed to take additional health pre- 

 cautions with Euratom's advice. Consenting opinion of Euratom is 



111 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Hearings, Proposed Euratom 

 Agreements, 85th Cong., 2d Seas., 1958, p. 200. 



n » Articles 80-83. The term "basic standards" Is defined In the Treaty to mean: (a) 

 the maximum radiation doses compntlhle with adequate safety : (b) the maximum permis- 

 sible decree of exposure and contamination ; and (c) the fundamental principles governing 

 the medical supervision of workers. 



