223 



entific and technological resources by a regional integration of the 

 European scientific and technological community. 216 



To this end, Euratom could be reconstituted into a European Sci- 

 entific and Technical Community. Its laboratories would then be 

 open to all of the nations of the Atlantic Alliance. Their function 

 would be to advance science and technology upon a broad front. Ac- 

 cording to McKinney, the United States should continue to give as- 

 sistance including the funding of non-nuclear research. Although the 

 McKinney report produced no immediate movement in this direc- 

 tion, it foreshadowed the future emergence of this issue. 



VIEWS OF THE EEC 



The idea of opening Euratom's facilities to non-nuclear research 

 was revived in 1967 when a resolution of the EEC Council laid down 

 the guideline that wherever legally possible Euratom research might 

 also encompass non-nuclear activities. Two years later, in December 

 1969, the Council elected to permit use of the Joint Research Center 

 facilities for non-nuclear work. 217 In this action the Council recog- 

 nized that as nuclear energy moved toward commercial application, the 

 research was shifting from public institutions to laboratories of pri- 

 vate nuclear industries. Thus Euratom came face to face with the is- 

 sues of conversion that were soon to plague the Government and pri- 

 vate laboratories of the U.S. aerospace and defense industries. 



More recently, in November 1970, the EEC Commission proposed 

 a transformation of Euratom's research capabilities into a Research 

 and Development Agency for the Common Market. Euratom's Joint 

 Research Center would be merged into the Agency. By this proposal, 

 the EEC Commission sought to bring new fields of research into the 

 sphere of community action, including research for new materials, 

 medicine, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental control. 218 



Conclusions and Current Issues 



Now well into the second decade of its existence, Euratom presents 

 a mixed picture of success and failure. Its various agreements with the 

 United States have allowed Euratom to supply European nuclear 

 power programs with considerable enriched uranium and plutonium 

 under its own safeguards system. The United States cooperated by 

 regrouping its bilateral agreements with Euratom members into a 

 single agreement with Euratom. The Agency has created an effective 

 European research capability for nuclear energy. 



On the other hand, these encouraging moves toward European unity 

 have been steadily eroded by a wave of nuclear nationalism. Since 

 1961, a marked trend toward nationalism in the nuclear industries of 



218 Robert McKinney. A New Look at Euratom. Statement to the Joint Committee on 

 Atomic Energy. May 20, 1959. In U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 

 Background Material for the Review of the International Atomic Policies and Programs 

 of the United States, S6th Cong., 2d Sess., 3 960, vol. 4, p. 1258. (Joint Committee print.) 



317 The Council decided on December 6, 1969 that the facilities of the Joint Research 

 Center might be used for scientific and technological research other than nuclear. In 

 keeping with this decision, the Council also agreed to enter without delay into close 

 cooperation with the EEC Commission on the study and choice of subjects for such 

 research. Cf. European Atomic Energy Community, Third General Report on the Activities 

 of the Communities — 1969, op. cit., p. 210. 



218 "Makings of a New Structure," Nature, vol. 228, (November 28, 1970), p. 796. 



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