306 



maintain as sharp as possible a demarkation between international 

 concerns, on the one hand, and more purely national concerns on 

 the other. This separation was instrumental in reducing both the 

 number and the intensity of the inevitable nationalistic issues which, 

 if permitted to ferment and grow, could have undercut and arrested 

 the growth of the international scientific program. The way in which 

 the IGY was organized largely prevented national political concerns 

 from unduly interfering with international scientific objectives. 



INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND FUNDING 



Both international organization and funding of the IGY were 

 under the general oversight of the ICSU, a federation of several 

 international and scientific unions. Although independent and not 

 directly linked with any nation, the ICSU was organizationally 

 linked to national Governments through their national academies 

 and through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural 

 Organization (UNESCO), as shown schematically in figure 2. This 

 existing arrangement provided a convenient, efficient mechanism 

 development of the IGY, which probably would never have been 

 initiated without the influence of the ICSU and its member unions. 



The chief governing body for all IGY activities was the CSAGI, 

 which was established by the ICSU for that purpose. The status 

 and functions of the CSAGI were specifically international. As 

 originally constituted, the so-called Bureau of the CSAGI consisted 

 of three people representing the ICSU: Sidney Chapman, President 



NATIONAL 

 ACADEMIES 



INTERNATIONAL 



SCIENTIFIC 



UNIONS 



ASTRONOMY 



GEOPHYSICS 



RADIO 



PHYSICS 



CHEMISTRY 



MATHEMATICS 



BIOLOGY 



GEOGRAPHY 



HISTORY OF SCIENCE 



INTERNATIONAL 



COUNCIL 



OF 



SCIENTIFIC 



UNIONS 



ICSU 



I ! 



i ^. _ 



Appoints to membership 

 Supports financially 

 Border national 

 Border international 

 Border governmental, political 



{scientific, 

 academic 



Figure 2. International Organization of Science (not including medical or 

 agriculture). Taken from: Sidney Chapman, "International Cooperation and 

 the IGY," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 16 (May I960), p. 174. 



