307 



(United Kingdom), Lloyd V. Berkner, Vice President (United States), 

 and M. Nicolet, Secretary General (Belgium). This group, or Bureau, 

 was subsequently expanded to include V. V. Beloussov (U.S.S.R.) 

 and J. Coulomb (France), both members of the IUGG, so as to 

 include representation from the four major powers: the United States, 

 the United Kingdom, the U.S.S.R., ana France. Gradually the 

 CSAGI was enlarged to include additional members of various inter- 

 national unions, organizations, and committees until there were 24 

 members in all. In keeping with the nonnationalistic character of 

 the CSAGI, little attempt was made to have the representation 

 correspond in any way to the IGY efforts of the individual nations. 29 



Thus, the composition of CSAGI was based upon the relative effort 

 being expended m the various scientific areas, and to some extent 

 upon the physical location of CSAGI, rather than upon the magni- 

 tude and cost of the scientific programs of individual participating 

 nations. This arrangement was sometimes questioned by members of 

 Congress who felt that, in view of the relatively large costs of the U.S. 

 program, more American scientists should have been members of 

 CSAGI. The scientists pointed out that such representation had no 

 political significance or importance and was unrelated to the cost of 

 the various IGY programs, which were national whereas CSAGI was 

 international. This international concept was essential in order to 

 preserve the completely nonpolitical character of CSAGI, a factor 

 which proved to be vital in preventing nationalistic issues from inter- 

 fering with IGY scientific activities. 



It was evident early in the IGY preparations, however, that a need 

 existed for bringing national problems before the IGY for solution, 

 since many activities required coordination between the national 

 committees of participating nations. A formal means was also needed 

 to enable the national committees collectively to discuss and express 

 their views on IGY matters. Such local matters as one nation's as- 

 sisting another with funds, equipment, or personnel, or permitting 

 workers to carry out or cooperate with assignments on foreign terri- 

 tory, could not be dealt with by CSAGI. Hence, CSAGI recommended 

 that ICSU form an advisory council for the IGY composed of one 

 delegate from each national committee, but not to include members 

 of CSAGI. 



The Advisory Council was thereby established, and proceeded to 

 deal with problems of a largely national character, usually after such 

 problems had been considered first by representatives of the particular 

 nations concerned. The Advisory Council, made up of representatives 

 of all the nations participating in the IGY, advised and assisted the 

 much smaller CSAGI. The main areas of Council responsibility were: 



(1) To arrange for mutual assistance between and among nations, 



(2) to arrange regional meetings on specific subjects, and (3) to allocate 

 responsibility to various nations for storing IGY data. The Advisory 

 Council, which met in parallel sessions during each plenary session 

 of CSAGI, became highly influential and added much strength to the 

 central organization. The presence of designated official delegates 

 from IGY nations made it easier to arrange bilateral mutual assistance, 

 like establishment by one national committee of operations on another 

 committee's territory. 30 These were the kinds of arrangements which 



« Sidney Chapman, "International Cooperation and the IGY," BuOttin of the Atomic Scientist* 16 (May 

 1960) p. 174. 

 M Chapman, "International Cooperation," p. 176. 



