308 



CSAGI itself expressly avoided. The general organizational arrange- 

 ment is shown in Figure 3. 



The separate existence of CSAGI, on the international level, and 

 the Advisory Council, on the national level, has been considered the 

 key element in the efficient and effective functioning of the IGY. 

 Scientists of each participating country devised their own research 

 programs within their own national committees, and the output of 

 these committees then served as the input for the Advisory Council. 

 The IGY was thus an international scientific enterprise, operated by 

 scientists with the consent, cooperation, and support of their indi- 

 vidual governments, but in effect without the direction of these 

 governments. 31 



This dual organizational structure — CSAGI and international sci- 

 entific bodies, vis-a-vis the Advisory Council and national IGY 

 committees — was considered by many observers to be the major 

 reason why the IGY was so generously funded. Berkner, for example, 

 pointed out that various national governments responded favorably 

 to requests for money and support because the actual work was direct- 

 ed and carried out by national committees rather than by an inter- 

 national body. 32 In testimony before congressional appropriations 



NATIONAL 

 ACADEMIES 



NATIONAL 



IGY 



COMMITTEES 



IGY 

 ADVISORY 

 COUNCIL 



INTERNATIONAL 



SCIENTIFIC 



UNIONS 



GEOPHYSICS 



RADIO 

 ASTRONOMY 



PHYSICS 

 GEOGRAPHY 



BIOLOGY 



Consultation 

 on IGY matters 



WORLD 



METEOROLOGICAL 



ORGANIZATION 



(under UNO) 



Figure 3. The IGY Constitution and Associations of the ICSU Special IGY 

 Committee, CSAGI. Taken from: Sidney Chapman, "International Cooperation 

 and the IGY," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 16 (May 1960), p. 174. (Key: 

 as in Figure 2.) 



»' Lloyd V. Berkner, "Geography and Space," Ths Geographical Rtvinr 49 (July 1969), p. 313. The budget 

 for the U.S. IOY program, of course, was carefully scrutinized by the appropriate congressional appropria- 

 tions committees and justification for each element of the program was required on a line-item basis. In no 

 instance, however, was a suggestion made for reducing or expanding any particular element in the program. 



» Statement to the Second United Nations International Conference ou the Peaceful Uses of Atomic 

 Energy, Geneva, Sept. 12, 1958, p. 13. 



