376 



perennially on the verge of hostilities. The project was successful to 

 the extent that both India and Pakistan met their commitments under 

 the terms of the project; it increased agricultural production, espe- 

 cially in West. Pakistan; it also cemented relations among districts in 

 "West Pakistan where some sentiment toward separatism existed. On 

 the other hand, the project did not lead to a resolution of the basic 

 issues in dispute between India and Pakistan, which resulted in open 

 hostilities between them in 1965 and again in 1971. Moreover, the in- 

 vestment in West Pakistan added to the already serious disparity in 

 income with East Pakistan, providing one of the motives for the 

 separatist movement in 1971 that culminated in the formation of 

 Bangladesh. 



Forms of International Regionalism 



In one important respect, international regions are similar to sub- 

 national regions: they are geographic areas rather than areas with 

 political boundaries. All components of either kind of region share 

 some particular interest in common. On the other hand, the differences 

 between subnational and international regions are vast. The primary 

 distinction is that of sovereignty, of competing national interests. The 

 nations comprising a region need to reconcile their own interests 

 with their participation in a joint enterprise. In addition, the Great 

 Powers have the problem of reconciling their own national interests 

 with their bilateral relations with the individual states of the region 

 and with the region as a whole. 



Varieties of regional relationships of an international region are 

 numberless ami involve such variables as: purpose, geographic scope, 

 scope of participation, leadership, functional scope, relation of the 

 region to member nations, and funding arrangements. 



International regionalism can have all the different variations of 

 subnational. Over and above these, depending on the variety of pur- 

 poses, possible combinations of different nations, and further com- 

 plexities of relations of states in the region — separately and collec 

 tively — with the Great Powers and with the United Nations, there is 

 literally no limit to possible kinds of regional activity. A tabulation of 

 some of the more obvious kinds might include : 



Purpose 



mutual seeuritj (NATO, SEATO) 



technological development (Euratom, Mekong) 



trade advantage (Common .Market i 



economy of scale (Common Market i 



shared information (OECD, ECAFE) 



resource development (Mekong) 

 < teographic Scope 



cm incut a 1 i EGA, ECLA, Org. of African t'liity i 



river l>asin < Mekong i 



sphere of interest of Great Power < Warsaw Tact i 

 Scope of Part icipation 



nations of the region 



(same) plus I nited Nations institutions 



(same) plus a Great Power (or several) 



i same i plus many ether nations 

 Leadership 



supplied by Hi.- nations of the region 



supplied by die I'uiied Nat ions 



supplied Py a Greal Power 



supplied by an ad hoc, self-starting institution in the region 



