CONTENTS 



Page 



I. Introduction 529 



A New Opportunity for U.S. -Soviet Relations 529 



A Net Assessment of U.S. Interests in Expanding Commercial 



Relations With the U.S.S.R 530 



Trade and Technology 531 



II. Setting 533 



U.S.-Soviet Commercial Relations After World War II 533 



Soviet- American Trade Prospects Come of Age 535 



The Disengagement of Congress From U.S.-Soviet Trade Ne- 

 gotiations 538 



Trade and Diplomacy 539 



III. The Soviet Rationale for Expanded Foreign Economic Relations 543 



Technological Requirements of the Ninth Five- Year Plan 544 



Modernization of Soviet Industry 544 



Quality of Soviet Life 547 



Transportation 549 



Improvement in Planning and Management 550 



Changing Priorities in Resource Allocation: Growth Versus 



Defense 552 



U.S.-Soviet Technology Transfers 557 



U.S. Technology and Soviet Economic Development Prior 



to 1946 558 



Current Soviet Technological Requirements 559 



Soviet Balance-of -Payments Potential 560 



Soviet Export Potential 561 



Soviet Earnings From Invisible Trade 565 



Multilateral Relations 566 



Coproduction Agreements 566 



Potential Level of U.S.-Soviet Trade 567 



IV. U.S. Interest in Expanded Economic Relations With the Soviet Union. 570 



Economic Benefits for the United States 570 



Stability of U.S. Trade Gains 570 



Technological Export Policy _ . 572 



High Technology Trade and a Pattern of Economic Involvement.. 573 



V. Restrictions on Soviet Trade With the United States 576 



U.S. Controls on Exports to the Soviet Union 576 



U.S. Restrictions on Imports From the Soviet Union; the Issue 



of Most-Favored Nation Treatment 580 



U.S. Restrictions on Credit Transactions With the Soviet Union. . 583 



Shipping Arrangements in U.S.-Soviet Trade 586 



Soviet Institutions and Practices 587 



Problems of Soviet Law and U.S.-Soviet Trade 588 



Soviet State Trading 590 



Prospects for Removal of Barriers to U.S.-Soviet Trade 592 



VI. Issues in the Interplay of Technology, Trade, and Diplomacy 594 



Benefits to the United States From Expanded Trade With the 



Soviet Union 594 



The 1972-73 Grain Sales 595 



Joint Development of Siberian Natural Gas Resources 597 



Political Benefits From Expanded U.S.-Soviet Commercial 



Relations 600 



(527) 



96-525 O - 77 - vol. 1 - 35 



