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1. Criteria for the Selection of Issues 



The specific criteria to be satisfied by each subject for study, as estab- 

 lished at the outset, are four in number. First. The subject should be 

 of substantial moment, and be regarded as such. Second. The subject 

 should have a significant technical content, so that it involves a prob- 

 lem of communication between the expert in the field and the gen- 

 eralist concerned with the diplomatic implications. Third. The prob- 

 lem should involve some aspect of "science in policy" or "policy in 

 science" ; that is, it should deal with the application of science or tech- 

 nology to advance some international policy of the United States, or 

 it should deal with some way in which U.S. science or technology is 

 sought to be strengthened by diplomatic action. Fourth. The subject 

 should have had sufficient continuity and persistence as a problem be- 

 fore the diplomatic community to enable observation of changes that 

 have occurred as a result of national action. 



2. Format for the Exposition of Issues 



An effort was made to achieve some degree of uniformity in the 

 organization of the various chapters on issues. The format adhered to, 

 as planned at the beginning of the project, is in general the following: 



(a) Definition of the issue to be studied ; 



(b) Significance of the issue in present and future contexts; 



(c) How the issue developed; 



(d) U.S. involvement in the issue; 



(e) Congressional concern with the issue; 



(/) Formulation of policy to influence the issue; 

 (g) Options available to the policymakers and prospects for 

 the future ; and 



(h) Further questions posed by the issue. 

 Although consistency in treatment is advantageous, both for con- 

 venience in reading and for ease in subsequent comparison and analy- 

 sis of cases, nevertheless variation has been unavoidable. Respect for 

 the subject matter as well as independent authorship has inevitably 

 compelled some degree of departure from a superimposed outline. 



3. Illustrative Questions Researched 



In developing the individual discussion of the issues to be re- 

 ported on, attention was given to such questions as the following: 



(a) In what different ways has the issue been characterized? What 

 conflicts arise out of different perceptions of it? Is there some kind of 

 time frame in which these different perceptions predominate? 



(b) What is the place of the issue in the general matrix of foreign 

 policy? What priority of attention has been assigned to it at different 

 times? 



(c) What are the significant interactions of the issue in question 

 with other policy elements? Does it benefit or threaten other national 

 policies or programs ? 



(d) Has response to need been comprehensive or incremental? Is 

 the effort mounted to influence the issue a powerful and motivated 

 national effort, or is it being tackled bit by bit ? 



(e) Has a clear and positive U.S. policy been evolved respecting the 

 issue? What is its place in the general structure of foreign policy? 



(/) Has a technically sophisticated mechanism been developed for 

 choosing among alternative courses or options in achieving progress 



