438 



Page 



VIII. U.S. Participation in International Ocean Activities 495 



U.S. Policy Apparatus for Seabed Issues 495 



Congressional Committees 496 



Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Develop- 

 ment 496 



Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and 



Resources 497 



Committee on International Policy in the Marine Environ- 

 ment 497 



Interagency Law-of-the-Sea Task Force 498 



The National Academies 499 



Formulation of U. S. Policy for the Seabed 499 



Legislative Concern in the 90th Congress 499 



House Support for the Malta Proposal 500 



Proposal for a U.N. Marine Resources Agency 500 



Support and Opposition in the Senate 501 



Reasons for Opposition 501 



Legislative Concern in the 91st Congress 502 



Senator Pell's Proposals 503 



Position of the Subcommittee on Outer Continental 



Shelf 504 



Position of the Executive Branch 506 



Seabed Disarmament Treaty 508 



Seabed Regime 509 



IX. Role of Science and Technology in Seabed Diplomacy 511 



Military Technology and Ocean Strategy , 511 



Scientists in the Diplomatic Process 514 



Role of the Marine Council Staff 514 



Role of Scientists in Others Agencies 516 



Scientific Advice, Policy, and Diplomacy 517 



X. Summary 519 



FIGURES 



1. Sketch profile showing the components and average depths of the con- 



tinental margin 441 



2. Diagrammatic sketch showing typical oil and gas types of traps 461 



3. Conceptual design of an underwater petroleum production system 476 



4. Service capsule (Top sphere) being lowered to couple with wellhead 



cellar (Bottom sphere) encapsulating production equipment 477 



5. Artist's impression of offshore oilfield development showing underwater 



production, separation, and storage systems 478 



6. United Nations bodies with responsibilities in the marine sciences 487 



7. Organizational chart showing the relationships within the Federal Gov- 



ernment for decisionmaking in marine affairs (1967) 498 



TABLES 



I. Depth Zones of the Oceans 442 



II. Countries With Extensive Ocean Area at Depths Less Than 1,000 



fathoms 443 



III. Inland Waters Areas of the United States, by Regions 449 



IV. Area of the United States Continental Shelf, by Coastal Regions. __ 450 

 V. Ocean Mining Technology Time Table 467 



VI. Population Projections: World, United States, etc. 1965-2000 469 



VII. Per Capita Consumption (Apparent) of Phosphate Rock 469 



VIII. Projected Total Consumption of Phosphate Rock, 1966 Through 



2000 A.D ---- 469 



IX. Reserves and Potential Resources of Phosphate Rock in the United 



States 470 



X. Reserves of Metals in Manganese Nodules of the Pacific Ocean 471 



