516 



created, and some of the directions and alternatives laid out for study — 

 "in turn all goaded by an activist style of the Council itself.'' 120 

 During the early months of the Council, studies were also begun 

 on the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, and Seabed Dis- 

 armament. By late summer of 1967, concepts were beginning to 

 emerge regarding the legal regime, the Decade, and the disarmament 

 issue. These concepts emerged along with conflicts among different 

 Federal agencies as they generated their own independent positions 

 regarding each of the three issues. 



ROLE OF SCIENTISTS IN OTHER AGENCIES 



For the purpose of this study, inquiries were addressed to several 

 Federal agencies concerning their utilization of scientists in their in- 

 ternational policymaking. In arms control negotiations, the Arms 

 Control and Disarmament Agency ( ACDA) found the issues complex, 

 involving aspects of legal, scientific, economic, military, and political 

 disciplines. ACDA is organized along these disciplinary lines, and the 

 corresponding bureaus of the agency contributed to the evolutionary' 

 formulation of the U.S. position through comprehensive studies and 

 analyses, utilizing internal staff members and cooperating with their 

 counterparts in other agencies. They made extensive use of scientific 

 capabilities of the U.S. Navy, including contributions from their 

 Chief Scientist and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research 

 and Development, Dr. Robert Frosch. 



The U.S. Geological Survey participated extensively in the activi- 

 ties at the United Nations, and several Survey geologists have con- 

 tributed to the work of the Secretariat as well as to that of the U.S. 

 Government. With respect to the United Nations, Frank H. Wang, a 

 geologist with the Survey's Office of Marine Geology, has been loaned 

 to the Resource and Transport Division of the United Nations Secre- 

 tariat for several periods, beginning in late 1967 and continuing to the 

 present, to prepare a background report on mineral resources of the 

 sea. 121 



In the late spring of 1968, David Popper, then Deputy Assistant Sec- 

 retary of State for International Organizations, asked the Geological 

 Survey to represent the United States at the Economic and Technical 

 Subcommittee of the newly formed Ad Hoc Committee on the Peace- 

 ful Uses of the Seabed Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction. 

 The Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Dr. William Pecora, was 

 able to attend some of the June meetings, while Vincent E. McKelvey, 

 his alternate, attended the remainder. Gilbert Corwin of the Survey 

 also attended this session as an adviser. 



While Dr. Pecora continued to be listed as the U.S. representative 

 to the Economic and Technical Subcommittee during the following 

 year (hoping that by so doing he would encourage other delegations 

 to send high level scientists), he was unable to attend subsequent meet- 

 ings of the Subcommittee. Vincent McKelvey, therefore, represented 

 the United States on the Economic and Technical Subcommittee at 

 the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee, and has continued to 

 do so at the meetings of the permanent Committee after its establish- 



120 Ibid. 



121 Wang, "Mineral Resources of the Sea," op. clt. 



