White. — A Philological Study. 141 



chiefly in the forests of Hindustan, and also herded or held in 

 captivity the goat and the ox — that is, judging from European 

 languages. The domestic fowl seemingly was by its Latin 

 name gall-its introduced to the south of Europe by way of 

 Gaul, or France. (Note the German word Gallien, Gaul. How 

 do we derive the term Gallic cock in reference to the French?) 



In Latin the two words bestia and bellua originally had 

 special reference to wild beasts, but these same words in 

 other languages, and through changes brought about by 

 lapse of time, now have reference to domestic cattle. In 

 Latin bestia is a beast, an irrational creature, in opposition 

 to man, while animal includes man and all living things. 

 Bcs iarius is one who fought with wild beasts in the arena or 

 or circus, as a public entertainment. If we follow bestia into 

 Greek we come back to words already referred to — therion 

 and ther (bestialis = theriodes). In French, by elision of 

 letter s and change of pronunciation, we have bete, a beast,, 

 which, with the addition of either of the kindred words fer- 

 oce and sauvage, means a wild animal. Bete, in conjunction 

 with distinguishing terms, has reference to domestic animals, 

 as betes -a-lame, sheep (beasts having laine, wool) ; bete a 

 comes, horned beast; bete de somme, beast of burden; bete, 

 de Vierge (of the mother of our Lord), the ladybird (beetle) ; 

 betail (plural, besti-aux), cattle; gros betail, large cattle; 

 menu betail, small cattle ; exposition de betail, cattle show. 

 In Italian bestiame is cattle. Gros-betail is elsewhere said 

 to be neat or black cattle, so I suppose menu-betail to be 

 sheep and goats. 



From our other Latin word — bellua, a wild beast — we get r 

 Latin, bell-um, war; English, bcll-i-cose, the desire of battle, 

 and bell-my, the challenge call to fight of stags and their 

 allies during the rutting season ; German, bell-en, to bark, to 

 grumble, and brull-en, to bellow. We also get : English, 

 bell, a hollow piece of metal for producing a loud noise or 

 sound, and bull (the beast) ; mid-English, bellen ; Anglo- 

 Saxon, bellan, to make a loud noise ; Icelandic, belja, to 

 bellow ; German, briill-frosch, a bull-frog, briill-ochs, a bull. 

 English boulder, a large water-worn stone, so named from 

 the noise made by these stones when driven by flood-waters 

 along the bed of a river or stream, is in Sweden buller-steen ; 

 Swedish, bullra, to thunder, roar, and steen, a stone; in Danish 

 Id for 11 gives buldre, to roar, and bidder, a crash. Bull, as 

 the bellowing beast, is shown in old French bugle, a wild ox ; 

 French, beugle-ment , a bellowing ; English, bugle, which is 

 short for bugle-horn (compare English comet, a horn, also a 

 wing of a troop of horse led by a cornet or bugle, also an 

 officer of such troop ; Latin c ,mu, a horn) ; because the 

 horns of oxen were in old times used as loud-sounding 



