394 Transactions. 



gullies between the hills. It occurs again in the subalpine 

 rock region. On the face of a precipitous rock facing north- 

 west it grows in the chinks of the rock. Here it is very much 

 smallei and has stiffer and more coriaceous leaves than when 

 growing as a meadow plant. Then, it is found again on the 

 wind-swept summit, and again on another rock " dripping 

 with water and densely covered with mosses and liverworts." 

 Here the bases of the leaves are densely sheathed with old leaf- 

 bases. " The leaves arch upwards and outwards radially, with 

 the result that many of the stiff needle-like pinna? are almost 

 vertical and others horizontal. Each primary leaflet finally 

 arches downwards. In a position such as this the conditions, 

 although on a rock, are not very different from those of a bog, 

 except that the water will be distinctly more pure."* The 

 drooping habit thus described seems characteristic of all the 

 plants of Ligusticum antipodum I have seen. 



On Antipodes Island the plant is also abundant ; on the 

 maritime tussock slopes where the tussocks are not so close to- 

 gether, and on the flat tussock meadow, it occurs in such quantity 

 as to add bright-green patches of colour in an equal proportion 

 with the yellow grass or dark fern. It plays an important 

 part as a shelter plant, its leaves spreading out radially, with 

 their surface more or less horizontal, such plants averaging 

 about 78 cm. in diameter and 22 cm. in height. It is found 

 again in the " bog" — patches of very wet soil in the meadow — 

 and here it is very abundant, more so than in the adjacent 

 meadow. 



Anatomy (figs. 8a, 8&, 8c). — The leaf is roughly oval in trans- 

 verse section, with a depression on the upper surface above the 

 main vascular bundle, and a ridge corresponding to it on the 

 lower surface. The cuticle (cut.) is strongly developed, being 

 very thick and wrinkled. The upper epidermis (ep.) is composed 

 of thick-walled cells, some with very small lumina and highly 

 refractive thick cell-walls. Stomata (st.) occur on both surfaces, 

 the opening or stoma being partially overlapped by the projec- 

 tions of the cuticle (fig. 8c). Below the epidermis comes a layer 

 of stereom (sm.) tissue, sometimes only one cell in thickness, 

 in other places several cells thick and extending right into the 

 chlorophyll tissue towards the vascular bundles. This is also 

 further strengthened with collenchyma (col.), which acts as 

 water-storage tissue. The chlorenchyma (chlor.) is not differ- 

 entiated into the ordinary palisade and spongy tissue, but con- 

 sists of a homogeneous mass of small, somewhat oval-shaped 

 cells arranged more densely on the outer portion of the tissue. 



* Cockayne (1903), p. 28-2. 



