tried in some form, they had never been integrated 

 and brought to bear in the same place at *he same 

 time. Equally important, the environmental design 

 concepts are only now being applied at the scale of 

 large urban districts with the size and complexity 

 that characterizes most American cities where the 

 crime problem is most severe. 



Current efforts are devising a model planning 

 and problem solving approach for dealing with 

 urban crime within various kinds of neighbor- 

 hoods. Through this research, a process is being 

 developed that can be used to identify the crime 

 problems within a neighborhood in terms of the 

 interaction of physical and urban design factors, 

 citizen behavior and response, and law enforce- 

 ment practices and procedures. 



The research has also highlighted a number of 

 environmental conflicts that facilitate crime and 

 has led to the development of possible strategies 

 for dealing with these conflicts in various urban 

 settings. One example of this approach is the de- 

 velopment of a "neighborhood enclave" model, 

 now being demonstrated in Hartford, Connecticut. 

 This model employs access control, through such 

 methods as restructuring interior streets as cul-de- 

 sacs and the use of other physical barriers, to dis- 

 courage entry and escape by intruders. Nonresi- 

 dential traffic is channeled into preselected 

 "through streets" where surveillance by both pol- 

 ice and residents can be concentrated. To support 

 the physical strategy, a number of community pro- 

 grams are being organized to promote neighbor- 

 hood citizen action and to increase community 

 cohesiveness. Special law enforcement techniques 

 — such as neighborhood team policing — are being 

 used in conjunction with the physical design and 

 social action approaches. 



Evaluation of the program will be completed 

 early in 1978, and the results should produce valu- 

 able documentation of the effects of a comprehen- 

 sive neighborhood crime control program. 



The Institute currently is extending research and 

 demonstration of crime prevention through envi- 

 ronmental design to other urban settings^ — residen- 

 tial, commercial, and school environments. The 

 goal is to develop and test broad design concepts 

 to determine if they can effectively reduce crime 

 and increase feelings of security among the per- 

 sons who use these environments. 



For example, attention is being given to several 

 design concepts — such as access control and sur- 

 veillance — as well as activity support. Both access 

 control and surveillance involve the application of 

 physical and psychological strategies to control the 

 movement of criminals and increase their risk of 

 apprehension. Activity support involves reinforc- 

 ing existing or new community activities to make 

 more effective use of the physical environment. 



142 JUSTICE 



Techniques for increasing community participation 

 and social interaction are being explored. 



The basic process involved in this expanded re- 

 search effort includes the following key steps: (1) 

 The identification of the crime problem in a specif- 

 ic environmental setting; (2) the design of a stra- 

 tegic crime prevention model that responds appro- 

 priately to the crime problem through the use of 

 pertinent design concepts, including a set of coor- 

 dinated and interrelated physical and urban design, 

 social, and law enforcement strategies; (3) the 

 adaptation of the model to a specific site (such as a 

 school or commercial area) and the development 

 of a set of interrelated design directives that identi- 

 fy the elements to be manipulated; and (4) the im- 

 plementation and evaluation of the model. 



The goal of the program is to determine the val- 

 ue and effectiveness of this approach to crime 

 prevention. In addition, special attention will be 

 given to disseminating the results obtained and the 

 methods that have proved to be effective in carry- 

 ing out the process of crime prevention through 

 environmental design. In this way, the process can 

 be institutionalized and used effectively by city 

 planners, urban designers, and the law enforce- 

 ment community. The process is also influenced by 

 and valuable to community organizations and other 

 groups interested in improving the quality of urban 

 life. 



Because work is still in progress, it is too early 

 to say whether these environmental and nonenvi- 

 ronmental recommendations will prove successful. 

 What is apparent, however, is that neighborhood 

 renewal usually cannot be accomplished without 

 attacking the crime problems; similarly, crime 

 problems cannot be attacked without attempting 

 neighborhood renewal: they should go hand-in- 

 hand. If this view is borne out by the evaluation, 

 then future efforts to alleviate inner city problems 

 will require a coordinated effort involving a num- 

 ber of Federal agencies and perhaps others as well 

 to focus simultaneously on such problems as 

 crime, housing, and unemployment. 



Methodology development. Another area of basic 

 research, undertaken more recently, is examining 

 research and evaluation methods with an eye to- 

 ward developing more reliable, less costly tools for 

 assessing the criminal justice system's perform- 

 ance and the impact of specific interventions. The 

 science of evaluating social programs, particularly 

 those in criminal justice, is still in its infancy, and 

 new techniques must be explored for acquiring 

 more accurate information and drawing more pre- 

 cise conclusions regarding program effects. 



In evaluating the effects of new criminal justice 

 strategies, a primary objective has been to deter- 

 mine their impact on the incidence of crime. But 

 so little is presently known about how to quantify 



