operate experimental facilities used in large part by 

 university faculty members and their students. 

 Ail of ERDA's large high energy and nuclear phys- 

 ics facilities were built with this pattern of use in 

 mind. Such facilities also include three of the five 

 more specialized physical research laboratories 

 referred to earlier — Fermi National Accelerator 

 Laboratory, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 

 and Bates Linear Accelerator Facility. The high 

 energy and nuclear physics programs provide di- 

 rect support to many of the university investiga- 

 tors through contracts with the individual universi- 

 ties, and also provide indirect support through 

 operation of the research facilities. Taking both 

 direct and indirect support into account, well over 

 50 percent of the funding for these particular pro- 

 grams support the research of university faculty 

 members and their students. 



Funds flow directly to universities from many 

 other parts of ERDA. Universities play a promi- 

 nent role in carrying out ERDA's research pro- 

 grams. The amounts budgeted in FY 1978 for sup- 

 port of R&D at universities by the various program 

 management units in ERDA are as follows: $88 

 million from solar, geothermal and advanced ener- 

 gy systems (which includes the physical research 

 and magnetic fusion energy programs); $47 million 

 from environment and safety; $22 million from 

 fossil energy; $5 million from national security 

 (which includes the inertial fusion program); $4 

 million from conservation; and $3 million from 

 nuclear energy. The total of $169 million excludes, 

 of course, funds for operation of major ERDA 

 laboratories by universities. 



The diversity of ERDA's research is too great to 

 allow simple choice of outstanding accomplish- 

 ments. Many thousands of publications resulting 

 from this research appear each year in the scientif- 

 ic literature. The approach chosen here will limit 

 the discussion to two subjects. Examples will be 

 given of recognition of research accomplishments 

 by groups outside of ERDA, and lists will be pre- 

 sented of accomplishments in ERDA's separately 

 identified programs of basic research; high energy 

 physics, nuclear physics, basic energy sciences, 

 and general life sciences. 



The 1976 Nobel Prize for Physics was shared by 

 Burton Richter and Samuel Ting. It recognized 

 discovery of the psi/J particle in research support- 

 ed by ERDA and carried out at the Stanford Line- 

 ar Accelerator Center and at Brookhaven National 

 Laboratory. Six other Nobel laureates remain ac- 

 tive in ERDA programs, in particular, at Lawrence 

 Berkeley Laboratory: Luis Alvarez, Melvin Cal- 

 vin, Owen Chamberlin, Edwin McMillan, Glenn 

 Seaborg, and Emilio Segre. 



Many dozens of other major scientific awards 

 have been made to employees at ERDA laborato- 



172 ENERGY RESEARCH » DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION 



ries and to university scientists whose research is 

 supported by ERDA. Recent examples include the 

 following; the Hume Rothery Award of the Metal- 

 lurgical Society of A.I.M.E. to Karl Gschneider 

 of the Ames (Iowa) Laboratory, the Rosenhaim 

 Medal of the British Metals Society to Gareth 

 Thomas of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the 

 Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics to G. 

 Raymond Satchler of Oak Ridge National Labora- 

 tory, the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry to 

 Neil Bartlett of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 

 the John von Neumann Theory Prize to Richard 

 Bellman of the University of Southern California, 

 and the Davisson-Germer Award to Ugo Fano of 

 the University of Chicago. More than 40 employ- 

 ees at ERDA laboratories, as well as many uni- 

 versity investigators supported by ERDA, are 

 members of the National Academy of Sciences or 

 the National Academy of Engineering. 



Recognition of accomplishments along some- 

 what different lines is provided by the IR-100 

 awards sponsored by the magazine. Industrial 

 Research. For example, 7 of the 100 outstanding 

 technological achievements honored in 1976 result- 

 ed from work at ERDA laboratories. These 

 achievements concerned a new method for encap- 

 sulation of drugs, a meter for measuring tritium in 

 liquid sodium, a new soldering process for printed 

 circuit boards, a waste treatment system, fabrica- 

 tion of wire for dosimeters, a new type of compos- 

 ite crystal, and development of a compound para- 

 bolic converter for concentrating sunlight. The last 

 three of these resulted directly from ERDA's basic 

 research programs. The compound parabolic con- 

 verters were originally designed to concentrate 

 Cerenkov radiation in high energy physics experi- 

 ments. 



The following accomplishments were listed re- 

 cently for ERDA's general life sciences program: 



• Rapid microbial screening has been developed 

 with 85 percent reliability for detection of 

 carcinogens. 



• A battery of in vitro and in vivo screening 

 methods have been developed for mutagens. 



• The role of calcium has been clarified in dif- 

 ferentiation of heart muscle cells; this infor- 

 mation will be important for assessing effects 

 of chemical pollutants on, for example, the 

 development of muscle protein. 



• The structure has been determined for certain 

 enzymes which hydrolyze proteins in living 

 cells, and which may be related to carcino- 

 genesis and organ damage. 



• The proteins required for initiation of DNA 

 synthesis, the most sensitive step in cell repli- 

 cation, are being identified. 



• The detailed fine structure of important pro- 



